Analytical chemistry is the science of determining what matter is and how it exists through instruments and techniques which separate, identify and quantify matter, overall determining the structure of the compound. There are three techniques that can be used to determine a compound. These techniques...
Organic building blocks are organic molecules which are well-furnished, the basic components for organic synthesis. They are used for bottom-up modular assembly of molecular architectures such as supra-molecular complexes, metal-organic frameworks, organic molecular constructs, and nanoparticles. In medicinal chemistry, they are selected for the use...
Introduction to electrochemistry and photochemistry Nowadays, redox chemistry is becoming more and more prevalent in our daily society. From OLED technology to medicinal treatment advances, the science behind these breakthroughs is becoming fundamental in how we view our world, and how we innovate for the...
Salt has been used to keep road safe during the inclement weather for many decades. Even the salt you used while you are cooking and eating, you can use outside on the sidewalks and roads. Salt can help the roads be safer for driving. It...
Throughout the Periodic table elements has been implemented into in our daily lives and today needs. Anything you could think of is made out of atoms. In the periodic table elements is organized by its atomic number, or an equal number of protons and neutrons...
Seasonal variability of soil pH is driven by fertilizer rate, timing of fertilizer application, root and bacterial activity, and soil organic matter (Murdock and Call, 2006). Soil pH is observed to be highest at or near mid-winter and lowest at late summer (Slattery and Ronnfeldt,...
In chemistry, pH is a logarithmic scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous solution. [1] At 25 °C, solutions with a pH less than 7 are acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. The neutral value of...
Introduction Organic matters are those matter whose source are the living organism. It is capable of decay and decomposition due to the action of heat and pressure and also by microbial actions. Decomposition of organic matter in water occurs mostly by microbial actions. The main...
Introduction Oxygen vacancies are conductive nature, optical specificity and magnetic characteristics of oxygen in compounds of silicon oxide SiO2, magnesium oxide MgO and titanium oxide TiO2. The vacancies occur due to the removal of an oxygen atom. According to research, the role of OV has...
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), is a colorless fluid that seems dismal in a weaken arrangement, somewhat more thick than water. It is a powerless corrosive. It has solid oxidizing properties and is thus an incredible fading operator that has discovered use as a disinfectant, as an...
Introduction The purpose of this experiment is to measure the exact mass of a vitamin C tablet by mixing the filtered and diluted vitamin C solution with a standard potassium iodate solution and standardizing the mixture solution with sodium thiosulphate. Vitamin C, also known as...
The purpose of this lab is to create soap through saponification of a triglyceride and compare it to commercial detergent and hand soap. Soap is one of society’s major defenses against diseases. Soap’s origins, however, are not clear. There are ruins from ancient Egyptian times...
Abstract Contact Glow Discharged Electrolysis (CGDE) is a plasma electrolysis methode has proved to treat organic wastewater effectively. The objective of this study was to investigate decolorization process of the textile dyes Remazol Red RR, Remazol Yellow FG and Remazol Brilliant Violet with an air...
Why did the Vietnam War generate, manufacture and use new chemical weapons? In history, weapons of mass destruction have been used but had a massive impact throughout the War in vietnam. Chemical weapons are using chemicals poisonous to create physical or physiological effects on the...
Food analysis is a very important branch of analytical chemistry which provides data about chemical composition of food stuffs, contaminants and ensures safety of foods during import and exports. Many compounds which are found in nature, can be chiral which may have one or more...
Oxygen is the eighth element on the periodic table. It is in group 16 and block 2 as well as being part of block p. Oxygen's atomic number is 8, relative to how it is the eighth element on the table. Its chemical symbol is...
Abstract Back titration was the method used to determine the concentration of aspirin by reacting it with known amount of excess base. Aspirin- chemically known as acetyl salicylic acid is a weak acid undergoing slow hydrolysis where one molecule of aspirin reacting with two hydroxide...
Introduction Titration is a process in which the concentration of an unknown acid or base is determined using the known molarity of another acid or base. This process includes taking a solution, known as the titrant, and slowly adding it to the unknown solution -the...
As vinegar is a common household ingredient to use in food and everyday life, I predicted that there would be around 5% ethanoic acid composition in vinegar. My hypothesis was not as strongly supported as it could have been, as the final percentage of ethanoic...
Polyphenols are a group of natural compounds with phenolic structural features (C. Rice-Evans, Miller, & Paganga, 1997; C. A. Rice-Evans, Miller, & Paganga, 1996; Tripoli et al. , 2005; Tsao, 2010; Zheng & Wang, 2001) with two or more hydroxyl groups on the aromatic ring(s)...
Hydrogen Production from renewable sources including biomass has importance in terms of renewable energy production now a days. Glycerol has high content of hydrogen and also its nontoxic nature, safety of storage and handling makes it more suitable for production of hydrogen. Steam reforming for...
Caesium (Cs), which is also written as cesium in American spelling, has the atomic number of 55 and molar mass of 132. 91. The name of caesium was given because of two beautiful ‘sky blue’ colour lines in its spectra and the word Caesium means...
Abstract An enzyme is a protein that serves as a biological catalyst during a chemical reaction (Gonzalez, 2018). A catalyst is any substance that increases the derivative of an established chemical reaction forming, this is done by lowering the activation energy of the reaction level....
Introduction: Organic chemicals are chemicals that are carbon-based and are often associated with life functions. Of these organic compounds, four main categories are found in all living things to help keep cells alive and functioning properly. These categories are referred to as macromolecules and consist...
Flavonoids are polyphenols which have the C6–C3–C6 general structural backbone in which the two C6 units are of phenolic nature. They are present in high concentrations in the epidermis of leaves and fruits and have important and varied roles as secondary metabolites, being involved in...
An antioxidant is a substance that when present at relatively low concentration(s), compared with those of the oxidisable substrate, significantly delays or inhibits oxidation of that substrate (Apak et al. , 2013) Antioxidants are divided into two classes; primary (or chain breaking) antioxidants and secondary...
Hydration Lab Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to determine the percentage of water within the sample copper sulfate pentahydrate compound. The goal of the students was to record the amount of water evolved in comparison to the amount of copper sulfate and calculate...
Single Replacement Lab Purpose: The purpose of this lab was to observe a single replacement reaction with iron and copper. Through the observations, the students were able to see the activity series and the changing of electrons and examine an oxidation/reduction reaction. In addition, the...
SUMMARY The objective of this experiment was to determine the kinetic parameters for the reaction between crystal violet dye (CVD) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The reaction was investigated at temperatures of 25, 30, 35, and 40°C using a method of excess, which implies a 1000:1...
Catalytic Hydrogenation Introduction Hetergenous catalysts are used to perform many chemical reactions. They are used in refineries to break long chains of carbons in to shorter octane fragments that make up gasoline. The catalyst in this case is at a different phase than the substrate....
Chemical Reactions Lab Report The purpose of this lab was to see what chemical reactions are like, before we started working with predicting reactions. This lab enables the students to witness the solid, gas, and liquid states of compounds, and see how they change from...
Introduction Chemical reactions are fundamental processes that occur in various natural and artificial systems. These reactions involve the conversion of reactants into products, and understanding the concept of equilibrium is crucial in comprehending the dynamics of these reactions. This essay explores the role of equilibrium...
Introduction This report critically elaborates and gives a vivid description about both physical and chemical reactions determined to analytically give correct inferences based on the experimental end results. A concrete analytical data is given to show the possible outcome and the end results of the...
The Chemistry Behind Cellular Respiration Biology and Chemistry, although separate courses, they are one of the most intertwined disciplines taught within the scientific community. They co-exist in a symbolic relationship. If we look specifically at the mitochondria of the cell we can see the chemistry...
Introduction Enzyme’s are a extremely important part of chemical reactions not only within us, but all biological creatures. Enzyme’s are used to facilitate and accelerate the chemical reactions that are necessary for not only for us humans to survive, but other creatures like animals and...
A molecule is the smallest part of a chemical element or compound that holds the same chemical properties as that chemical or compound. These molecules are made up entirely of atoms that are held together through chemical bonds and when these bonds form, electrons or...
Introduction Esters are derived from carboxylic acids. A carboxylic acid contains the –COOH group. In an ester, the hydrogen is this group is replaced by a hydrocarbon group of a kind. The hydrocarbon group can be an alkyl group such as methyl or ethyl or...
Introduction Beer’s law quantifies the relationship between the concentration of a certain substance in solution, and the amount of light this substance absorbs at a given length traveled by the incident light. In its general form, this law equates the product of incident light path...
Enzymes are biocatalysts which consists of proteins and a long chain of amino acids. They are used to speed up chemical reactions and help break down or combine larger molecules without having to go through any change themselves. ("What Are Enzymes? | BIO-CAT"). Enzymes can...
There are several conditions for the synthesis of PLA. First of all the process requires a pH range of 5.4 to 6.4, a temperature range of 38℃ to 42℃ and lastly a low oxygen concentration. Whereas for the production of Nylon 6,6 the reaction should...
Vitamin K belongs to a class of compounds named the terpenoid quinones, isoprene quinones or the prenylquinones. Terpenoids consist of repeating units of isoprene, a 5 carbon isobutane-like structure with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Quinones consist of benzene or naphthalene rings with two...
The dissolvability of one substance in another is controlled by the balance of intermolecular powers connecting the dissolvable and solute and the entropy change that goes with the solvation strategy. Factor, for example, temperature and weight will alter this parity. Temperature Temperature will impact dissolvability....
The goal of the experiment was to prepare trans-benzalacetophenone, benzalacetophenone with aniline, and benzalacetaphenone dibromide. During the experiment some observations were made, such as colour change and crystal formation. The melting points and percent yields were measured, and IR spectrum was studied. Introduction The purpose...
Nature has evolved with great diversity and vastness of its territories from a simple virus to complex eukaryotes. But, with these complexities it has also left some firing questions and fascinating answers. Despite biology’s variety in complexity and complexity in variety, biochemical machineries of all...
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