The tears, covering the epithelium of the exterior of the eye, are an intricate extracellular fluid which is easily and noninvasively available for examination of proteins for monitoring both ophthalmic and systemic disease conditions. The tiny (3–40 μm) coating of tears are arranged into an...
Born in Dole, France, on the 28th day of September 1822, Louis Pasteur would become a chemist who helps to develop methods of sterilizing and safe-proofing many of the things we take for granted today. Before he was a renown chemist, he went through high-school...
Louis Pasteur is the most influential in terms of comprehension of disease of the entire time frame as he is truly a giant in medicine. He was born on December 27, 1822, and he would die on September 28 1895. He was a revolutionary chemist...
Imagine a world without medicine. Those who became ill were given days to live until the disease completely overtook their bodies. Their organs began to shut down, eventually killing the person suffering from this disease. This was the world before the year 1860. People were...
All biological/ physiological events in cells are dependent on pH. Biological functions of cell involving enzymes, hormones, transmitters, growth factors are dependent on pH. Any alteration in pH leads to either inhibition of function or deviation of cell function. Biological macromolecules evolved to perform their...
Salmonella, is a genus of bacteria known to result in major foodborne illnesses throughout the world. The genus, “Salmonella” was originally named after Dr. Daniel Elmer Salmon, a veterinary pathologist who worked for The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). He is most notably known...
Abstract An enzyme is a protein that serves as a biological catalyst during a chemical reaction (Gonzalez, 2018). A catalyst is any substance that increases the derivative of an established chemical reaction forming, this is done by lowering the activation energy of the reaction level....
Introduction: Organic chemicals are chemicals that are carbon-based and are often associated with life functions. Of these organic compounds, four main categories are found in all living things to help keep cells alive and functioning properly. These categories are referred to as macromolecules and consist...
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive primary intracranial tumor, well known of its high mortality rate and poor treatment outcomes. The average survival time of patients following surgery, combined with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, is still less than 12 months. Therefore, therapeutic approaches are truly...
Flavonoids are polyphenols which have the C6–C3–C6 general structural backbone in which the two C6 units are of phenolic nature. They are present in high concentrations in the epidermis of leaves and fruits and have important and varied roles as secondary metabolites, being involved in...
Typically, red blood cells circulate the body for approximately 120 days until they inevitably grow old or become damaged and new cells must replace them. In a healthy adult with a mature liver, these red blood cells are broken down by macrophages in the liver,...
Introduction: Amoeba are free-living, eukaryotic single cell opportunistic pathogens which are found in sea water, fresh water and soil. Acanthamoeba keratitis is a corneal infection caused by Acanthamoeba, a genus of Amoeba. Acanthamoeba can occur in two forms, a trophozoite and a dormant cyst which...
Abstract: Yeasts are single-celled fungi that can grow in the presence or absence of air. Examining a yeast cell under a microscope will give a greater understanding of the composition and nature of yeast. A hemocytometer device was used for determining the number of cells...
Did you know that the average virus is almost 100 times smaller than a human cell? Viruses do not grow and develop, they do not maintain homeostasis, and viruses do not respond to stimuli. Viruses are extremely small infectious organisms that can be considered nonliving...
Clinical microbiology is the centerpiece of infectious disease diagnosis, as well as the cornerstone of infection control and prevention (Wolk, 2009). The function of this department is to study the role of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, viruses, parasites, and the diseases that they cause...
Introduction Salmonella is a bacteria that infects intestinal tract. It consists of a group of bacteria that leads to typhoid fever, gastroenteritis, enteric fever, and food poisoning. Naturally, the bacteria are rod-shaped, gram-negative and with a cell composed of peptidoglycan. In Microbiology, gram-negative is a...
Mycoplasma is a bacterial species that has no cell wall around its cell membrane (Beachey, 2015). Thus, due to the lack of a cell membrane, they are not affected by antibiotics such as penicillin and beta-lactam, which normally targets synthesis of the cell wall. Consequently,...
As there are ten-times the number of phages compared to bacteria, there is constant selective pressure on bacterium to develop a formidable arsenal of mechanisms to resist infection. These mechanisms in-turn exert selective pressure on the phages, forcing them to counter-evolve new ways to fight...
In the spirit of October and all things delicious during the fall season, we will be exploring the microbial activity in the food industry. We can be so blind to the microbes that are hard at work around us to make our fall festivities as...
Cyanobacteria (including genus Synechococcus) contribute to a vital role in the primary productivity in the coastal ecosystems, and prevail in huge concentrations in seas and oceans (Scanlan and West, 2002; Waterbury et al., 1986). Co-existence of distinct inherent groups of Synechococcus spp. at a single...
Water is life, a timeless adage that cannot be over-emphasized. Water has been a vital component for the survival of all living organisms from human to plants and even to the tiniest of organisms on earth. Despite water covering nearly two thirds of the earth’s...
In present day agricultural practices indiscriminate use of manures, particularly the N and phosphorus, have led to substantial contamination of soil, air and water. Massive use of these manures, other than organic or biomanure or bacterial fertilizer showed detrimental effects on soil microbes, affects the...
Vibrio Vulnificus (Vv) occurs naturally and found in Free State in maritime and estuarine environment all over the world. This bacterium prefers to grow in tropical and subtropical climate and favorable temperatures are 9 to 31°C which shows that it is found in warmer marine...
Vibrio Vulnificus (Vv) is a type of gram-negative bacteria which is generally found in estuarine and maritime environment which majorly causes contamination in seafood like shellfish and planktons. It is a movable and rod-shaped bacteria which has single polar flagellum and salt-loving in nature. It...
Microbial fertilizers not only facilitate plant nutrient uptake but also influence its hormonal cross talk. However, whether these microbial fertilizers boost both plant growth and development or whether biofertilizer-facilitated growth results in immunity trade-off still remains unknown. Moreover, interconnection of this phosphorus deficiency with temporal...
The carbon based nanostructures are important types of NPs and have different types such as graphene, diamond, nanotube and nanofibers. They have high surface area for the deposition of conducting polymer and metal/ metal oxide NPs and which fascilate the efficient ion diffusion. Furthermore, they...
ZnO is a potential antimicrobial agent that was investigated earlier. ZnO in various forms shows various antimicrobial properties against different pathogens. A major problem for achieving efficient rate in these applications is a quick recombination rate of photo induced charge carriers. To overcome this problem,...
ZnO has got a wide array of applications. The reactivity of ZnO makes it ideal to be used as a precursor for getting supplementary compounds of Zn. ZnO has showed be a boon for materials science because it has combination of unique properties like antimicrobial...
The immune system is important for the human body because it can detect and remove abnormal cells. A macrophage is considered to be a leukocyte, which is a type of white blood cells. Macrophages play a major role in facilitating cancer progression, leading to the...
The endophytic fungus Penicillium setosum was isolated from a narrowly studied habitat, i.e from microbiome of Withania somnifera (L) Dunal. This plant has great importance in the Ayurveda system because of their noticeable pharmacological functions contributed by their secondary metabolites. So, the exploration of such...
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