Investigating the Impact of Poverty on Income and Food Security in India

Poverty has been a serious and long-lasting issue in India. Instead of focusing on the government structure, policy making or economic growth, environmental factors such as natural resources, should also be the used to measure poverty in India. While some scholars argue that environmental quality is not necessary for setting the poverty line, others determine natural resource degradation is crucial for indicating poverty. In order to reduce poverty, it is very critical for policy makers to understand how environmental factors affect the well-being of the poor. This research module will provide arguments and instances to support the use of environmental factors as indicators for measuring poverty in India.

Regarding the poverty issue on income and food security in India, factors like environmental degradation should play a key role. According to Agricultural Census in 1990-91, seventy-percent of people in India depend on agriculture directly or indirectly. Natural resource degradation can affect the availability of inputs which the poor use to grow food, and thus reduce their income and job opportunities. Residents in the western Orissa state of India claim that “over-dependence on forest is an indicator of poverty” since deforestation can diminish food stability and availability of the poor by “directly reducing the forest and aquatic products they consume” (Environment and Poverty). In this case, poverty-environment indicator such as “quantity of annual household consumption that is derived from forest products” would be more appropriate to measure income poverty in India than the economic indicators of the nation (Environment and Poverty).

Besides, other natural resource problems, such as water scarcity and natural disaster, should also be taken into account when measuring poverty in India. Water scarcity can worsen the living of the poor by compelling them to expend more effort on obtaining livelihood and income. In general, poverty-environment indicators like “time spent and distance walked by household members to collect water and fuel wood” provide information on the increased burden on the poor, and hence help acquiring more accurate measure on poverty in India (Shyamsundar). The last main factor that supports the use of poverty-environment indicators in India concerns the poverty issue on vulnerability to natural disasters. Natural disasters can affect the poor. The use of indicators such as “percentage of households rendered homeless by floods/cyclones and so forth” can provide evaluation on how the poor are impacted by natural disasters, and thus help determine the poverty line (Shyamsundar). Since environment quality has been proved to be crucial for poverty in India, the argument for the use of environmental factors as indicators for measuring poverty in India is supported. This research module is based on two online sources. This first website is published by the Center for Science and Environment, which is “an independent, public interest organization that aims to increase public awareness on science, technology, environment and development in India” (Environment and Poverty). This organization consists of India’s foremost environmental professionals. It has also published numerous books, reports and videos about the Indian environment. Since the topic of this research module is about poverty, using government official sources would involve excessive subjective views. I think this source is trustworthy as it is published by an independent organization with a 20-year history, so political biases would be eliminated. The second source is published by the World Bank Environment Department.

The World Bank is owned by 184 countries and contains 10,000 development professionals aiming to assist developing countries around the world. The author of this source, Priya Shyamsundar is the Director of the South Asian Network for Development and Environmental Economics in the World Bank. I think this source is reliable not only because it is published by an international institution, but the quality of the presentation is also credible. However, since this source is only edited by a single author, there may be some minor errors and biases. Generally, the two sources are both good enough to support the argument of this research module.