Cell biology is the study of cell structure and how it fundamentally gives organisms their function, there are approximately 25,000 protein-coding genes in the human genome, within this only about 60% of the human genes have an identifiable sequence homology within the protein database. Human...
Sickle cell diseases are groups of inherited red blood cell disorders with an abnormality in hemoglobin as an oxygen carrying protein. Pathologically low oxygenation state cause cell to clump jointly thenobstructed the flowing of the blood in the capillaries and later causing pain for absence...
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global issue that continues to escalate, posing significant challenges to public health worldwide. One of the mechanisms leading to resistance is the removal of antibiotics from bacterial cells through efflux pump macromolecular machineries. These efflux pumps can confer resistance to...
Abstract Beetroots also known as Beets are used for numerous foods around the world and is also a vegetable that has a membrane. The vegetable Beets have tons of minerals, vitamins and plant compounds. Beets will be used in our experiment to further our research...
How protective our house is because of the door. Similarly, the cell has a cell membrane that provides the barrier separating it from the external world. It allows only some components to pass through while rejecting others. It is made up of Lipid bilayer which...
The world as we know is to complex, vital, and sensitive to be taken under the arms of organelles who are not ready to govern our province and center of life. What we need to understand as educated organelles is that without the cell membrane...
Bacteria Structures and Function The cell wall protects the structure and provides support for the bacteria, in a spirochete the cell wall is thin. The membrane is a semipermeable barrier and they donât have a waterproof membrane.The flagellum is covered by the cell's plasma membrane,...
In 1998, specialists set up the primary human embryonic stem cell line. Their logical triumph set off a morals and strategy contention that continues today. Bioethicists, religious pioneers, government authorities, persistent promoters, and researchers keep on discussing whether this exploration represents a guarantee, a danger,...
Chemistry is fun and unique. There are many components that make chemistry what it is. However, there are some basics that are important and need to be learned about before digging deeper into chemistry. First, we have the Scientific Method, this method is an organized...
Abstract Bacterial persister cells constitute a subpopulation of genetically identical, metabolically slow-growing cells that are highly tolerant of antibiotics and other environmental stress conditions. Studies have demonstrated that gene loci known as toxin-antitoxin (TA) system play a central role in the persister state. Under normal...
Abstract Albumin is a protein found in egg white. Serum albumin is the most abundant protein in human blood and is the same type but in a different category as egg white albumin. Egg white albumin is disintegrated in the stomach by an enzyme called...
Introduction pH, the measure of acidity or alkalinity, plays a crucial role in regulating biological functions, including those in cells. In the context of spermatozoa, pH has a significant impact on their activity, motility, and overall fertility. This article explores the intricate relationship between pH...
Could you imagine being burnt alive or having poisonous, painful procedures happening to you for your entire life? It doesnât sound very delightful, does it? Animals in animal testing have to go through this every day of their shortened lives until they are slaughtered. Animal...
Before you eat a meal or something, have you ever been worried or wondered about the things we eat. Have you ever thought about where it comes from or how itâs made. For many generations, scientists have been trying to discover new biotechnologies and one...
Early chemists used chromatography to separated color combinations by utilizing filter paper on color collection. The dye solution transported the material formed by the action of the capillaries, while the dye components produced lines of different colors. In the 19th century, German botanists conducted a...
Introduction Cutaneous Leishmaniasis is a debilitating disease caused by intracellular parasites, presenting a challenge due to the lack of a decisive and safe treatment for Zoonotic Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (ZCL) (Hadighi et al. 2006). However, in a groundbreaking study, researchers have adopted a new approach to...
Programmed Cell Death Apoptosis is defined as programmed cell death. Apoptosis recently is not considered as the only cell death pathway since various cell death pathways are discovered. More accurately programmed cell death is defined as cell death that is dependent on genetically encoded signals...
The topic for this assignment is about hereditary diseases. Hereditary diseases are a disease that is inherited by gen. The disease is passed from the previous generation to another generation through genes and these diseases are transmitted in one same family. The genetic issue is...
Abstract Sickle cell diseases are groups of inherited red blood cell disorders with an abnormality in hemoglobin as an oxygen-carrying protein. Pathologically low oxygenation state cause cell to clump jointly then obstructed the flowing of the blood in the capillaries and later causing pain for...
As you sit here reading this your body is going through a series of steps to give you the energy you need to live. As you blink, think, breath, walk, and talk your body uses this energy which it gets from the food you eat....
Cellular respiration is a process by which glucose is broken down in a complicated four step process to produce energy for cellular functions. Cellular respiration is vital for survival as it produces ATP which powers nearly all activities of all cells. Cellular respiration can be...
This paper will address how cells work, how cell parts function and work, and how they function together as a whole. How cells reproduce, and create identical offspring without creating cancerous cells. Different types of cells, and their purpose. Finally how genetics and heredity affect...
Stem Cell Research has been a debatable topic for several years. There are several pros and cons that should be considered in the medical field. Some pros include curing and treating certain diseases, aiding in the improvement of organ function, and preventing organ rejection for...
Stewart Sell, a senior scientist at Ordway Cancer Research Institute, said, âIn the beginning there is the stem cell; it is the origin of an organism's life. It is a single cell that can give rise to progeny that differentiate into any of the specialized...
Cancer is the uncontrolled proliferation of abnormal cells in parts of the body. Breast cancer develops once breast cells begin to proliferate and grow at a very fast rate. Usually, the cells clump together to form a lump which can be seen in an x-ray....
The aim of this project is to develop electrochemical sensing for point of care testing for the release of biomarkers from cells. The biomarker being used is alkaline phosphatase (ALP). An investigation will be carried out to test the cytoxic effect that aloeson, a component...
Objective: The purpose of this lab was to observe and analyse the process of Aerobic Cellular Respiration, and the effects that an increase in temperature has on the rate of consumption of O2. The experiment was done same way twice with the exception of a...
Introduction A vital tooth presents, intact blood supply which in turn maintains nutrition, innervations and immune competency. An assault on pulpo-dentinal component results in an inflammatory reaction, leading to either repair or pulp degeneration. Various vital pulp therapies, like indirect/direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, and partial...
The calpain system Calpains are a well-conserved family of intracellular cysteine proteases that were first described in 1964. Fourteen different isoforms of calpain have been identified by the presence of protease domains. These include micro-calpains (”-calpains) and milli calpains (m-calpains). ”-calpains are the most extensively...
Cysteine proteases (CysPs) are ubiquitous proteolytic proteins found in organisms ranging from viruses. bacteria, fungi, to plants and animals. In plants, CysPs are the most abundant protease type that can be grouped in 10 clans subdivided into 15 families. Among these, the CD clan is...
The LDH enzyme is used by the body to catalyze the change of lactate into pyruvate as it changes NAD+ to NADH. LDH is a very significant enzyme for energy production in the cells. In this experiment the LDH from a deer heart was purified...
The term âblood transfusionâ discovers therapeutic use of whole blood. Red cells, platelets, fresh frozen plasma and cryoprecipitate are the components of blood transfusion. Donors are selected after the blood test. The supply of the blood is should be in pure form. Many clinical are...
Salmonella Typhimurium is the model organism for severe food-borne illnesses in humans and other food producing animals. While causing acute self-limiting gastroenteritis, it causes a more severe illness in immunocompromised patients. Salmonella Typhimurium toxicity is due to the outer membrane containing lipopolysaccharides(LPS) that protect the...
In the cell, RNA is derived from the transcriptional product of deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and is further assisted through translation to create a protein. RNA applications include RT-PCR, cDNA synthesis, and northern blotting. RNA Extraction A great deal of evidence has suggested that deoxyribonucleic acid...
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