Properties Of Syzygium Samarangense

In the study of Shahreen et al. (2012), prove the validation of the medicinal use of Averrhoa carambola and Ficus hispida in treatment in diabetes, and also indicates that they may prevent diabetes-induced hyperglycemia with the leaves of Syzygium Samaragense. Molikka et al. (2014), stated that Syzygium Samarangense is a potential medicinal drug. They evaluated the analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS activities of the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves in mice. The findings of the study suggested that the methanolic extract of Syzygium Samarangense leaves have moderate effect againsts inflammation and following the traditional use of this plant for inflammatory pain alleviation.

Zhang et al. (2016), have shown that fruits have different effects on alcohol metabolism and alcohol-induced liver injury. The present work selected three fruits and aimed at studying the effects of Syzygium samarangense, Passiflora edulis and Solanum muricatum on alcohol-induced liver injury in mice. Syzygium samarangense and Passiflora edulis normalized various biochemical parameters. Solanum muricatum increased the level of ALT and induced infiltration of inflammatory cells in the liver. These results strongly suggest that treatment with Syzygium samarangense and Passiflora edulis could protect liver from the injury of alcohol, while Solanum muricatum could aggravate the damage. In an article published by Urgel (2014), Syzygium samaragense leaves were used to produce Briquettes using paper as a binder. Chemical and physical properties were compared of the briquettes. The Briquettes with 37. 5% biomass yielded the longest burning and ignition time. The briquettes with 50% and 37. 5% biomass did not break under 2100 grams bent. The results showed that using dried Syzygium Samaragense leaves can be considered as a source of making bonfire briquettes.

Alam (2017), evaluated the CNS effects of methanolic extracts of the leaves of Syzygium samaragense. In case of both the experiments, significant decrease in locomotor activity in the mice model was observed in a dose-dependent manner when compared with the standard drug, Diazepam. To conclude, it can be said that this plant has the potential to develop and become a depressant drug on the CNS in the near future.

Khandaker et al. (2015), reported on bioactive constituents, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of three cultivars of wax apple fruit. This current study has shown that wax apple cultivars are ultimate source of bioactive constituents, trace elements and metabolites that have the potential to serve as antioxidant and antibacterial compounds beneficial for human health and may serve as a lead to the development of new pharmaceutical products.

Lu, Pei-Luen & Lin, Chin-Ho (2012), identified the factors associated with the fruit cracking in Syzygium Samarangense. Based on the results of the study, the physiological factors for fruit cracking in Syzygium Samarangense are hypothesized. Those combined factors result in fruit cracking. Ching et al. (2017), introduced a newly, environmental friendly method to determine the potential Hydrogen of a substance with the use of Syzygium samarangense. The results showed that, there is no observable colour change in distilled water. These colour changes showed Syzygium samarangense juice are suitable for the application in acid-base indicators.

Khandaker, Mohammad, Alebidi, Abdullah and Hossain (2015), shared the physiological and biochemical properties of three cultivars of wax apple (Syzygium samarangense) namely ‘Jambu Madu Red’, ‘Masam Manis Pink’ and ‘Giant Green’. Stomatal conductance showed positive correlation with yield and fruit biomass. It is concluded that ‘Jambu Madu Red’ and ‘Masam Manis Pink’ cultivars are comparatively better yield than those of ‘Giant Green’ cultivar grown under tropical field conditions.

Khandaker and Boyce (2016), the extracts of wax fruits, flower and bark have potent free radical scavenging, antioxidation, antimutation and anticancer activities. The leaves of wax apple used as tea and is proposed as a possible supplement for type II diabetes patients. Wax apple studied for its numerous pharmacological properties such as antioxidant and antidiabetic properties, anti-inflammation and antinociceptive activity, wound healing activity, antiulcerogenic effect, antibacterial, anticancer and also, it’s potential as an uterotonic agent. This review paper provides detail information about wax apple fruit growth and development, origin, ecology, fruit morphology and variety, commercial usage, quality improvement and its medicinal benefits.

According to the study of Sekar and Halim (2018), pimple, acne, sunburn mark and pigmentation are issues that affected every individual at least once during life time. The present study was conducted to formulate and evaluate the anti-acne cream containing Syzygium samarangense fruits extract. This formulated cream can be successfully used for skin infections which including acne vulgaris, after the confirmation of clinical and toxicity studies in future.

Adesegun, Samuel, Anthony, Folasade and Mary (2013), stated that volatile oils being secondary metabolites are phytoactive ingredients found in medicinal plants and may be active against various infectious microorganisms. The present study was carried out to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of the volatile oil from the leaf of Syzygium samarangense on Escherichia coli and its inhibition on the extracellular protease of this organism. To conclude the volatile oil from the leaf of Syzygium samarangense may possess antimicrobial activity and its inhibitory effect on the extracellular protease of Escherichia coli may be one of its modes of action on the pathogenic organisms.

In the study of Wiley and Sons (2016), Syzygium samarangense was undertaken to rationalize the use of it in hypermotility states of the gut. The hexane extract of S. samarangense was found to dose‐dependently (10–3000 µg/mL) relax the spontaneously contracting isolated rabbit jejunum. These results indicate that the presence of compounds with spasmolytic and calcium antagonist activity may be responsible for the medicinal use of the plant in diarrhea. In this study, a phytochemical profiling of a methanol extract from leaves of Syzygium samarangense revealed 92 compounds belonging to flavonoids, phenolic acids, condensed tannins, and ellagitannins. These results were confirmed by histopathological analyses. They believed that Syzygium samarangense is a good candidate for further evaluation as an antioxidant and liver protecting drug.

M. Galia and J. Galia (2016), evaluated the antiangiogenic activity of Tinospora rumphii Boerl leaf and stem extracts using the number of new blood vessels formed in the chorioallantoic membrane of fertilized mallard embryos. Results of the CAM assay showed that the T. rumphii extracts exhibit antiangiogenic property. These findings led to the conclusion that the T. rumphii extracts have antiangiogenic potential and that the combination of leaf and stem extracts inhibit angiogenesis more than the leaf extract or the stem extract.

Pachava et al. (2018), tried to evaluate the anti-angiogenic activity of various crude extracts of Moringa oleifera Lam leaves. The anti-angiogenic activity was evaluated by employing in vivo CAM assay model. Among all the extracts, ethyl acetate extract of Moringa oleifera Lam at a dose of 100 µg showed significant inhibition of neovascularization (70%) when compared with other extracts. Jadhav, Mane and Kanase (2011), stated that Boerhaavia diffusa is used in Ayurvedic medicine system to treat various health problems. Present work deals with analysis of the antiangiogenic properties of B. diffusa extracts by chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay in vivo. These observations support strong claims of antiangiogenic ethnomedical properties of this plant.

Ramachandran et al. , (2003) showed pomegranate seed oil and fermented juice polyphenols to retard oxidation and prostaglandin synthesis, to inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation and invasion, and to promote breast cancer cell apoptosis. They evaluated the anti-angiogenic potential of these materials in several ways. They showed a significant decrease in new blood vessel formation using the chicken chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) model in vivo. As indicated by Kim, M S, et al. (2000), Torilin decreased both neovascularization of chick embryos in the chorioallantoic membrane. Taken together, their data suggest that torilin may be a strong angiogenic inhibitor with the ability to decrease tube formation of vascular endothelial cells and to reduce expression of angiogenic factors of tumor cells. T, et al. (2004) used in vivo and in vitro CAM for testing the comparison in cutting capacity of a novel plasma-mediated dissector called the Pulsed Electron Avalanche Knife (PEAK) versus micro-surgical scissors. The easy accessibility of CAM compared to the retina in an experimental animal, it allows for rapid and repeated testing of various surgical tools and maneuvers on a highly vascular tissue in vivo. As another option, CAM can be excised and pinned to an agarose-lined, Petri dish to allow for in vitro experimentation. Roy, et al. (2002), discussed that edible berries may have potent chemopreventive properties. Six berry extracts (wild blueberry, bilberry, cranberry, elderberry, raspberry seed, and strawberry) and a grape seed proanthocyanidin extract (GSPE) were studied. This effect was not shared by other antioxidants such as alpha-tocopherol or GSPE but was commonly shared by pure flavonoids. Matrigel assay using human dermal microvascular endothelial cells showed that edible berries impair angiogenesis.

Bashir and Qadir (2017), evaluated the anti-angiogenic properties of the ginger extract using CAM assay. Ginger extract proved anti-angiogenic consequence by decreasing the diameter of CAM of blood vessels. The anti-angiogenic activity of ginger extract implicates its possible application for diseases where inhibition of blood vessel formation is desired.

Abdolmalek et al. (2016), have testified the anti-angiogenic activities of the ethanolic extract of Artemisia sieberi Besser, Asteraceae, and its active substance, artemisinin in both in vitro and in vivo models. The effects of ethanolic extract of A. sieberi. This study demonstrated that the ethanolic extract of A. sieberi is strongly able to inhibit the angiogenesis in human umbilical vein endothelial cells and chick chorioallantoic membrane models compared to the artemisinin. In an article by Huang, Zhengrong, et al. (2013), have found that Marsdenia tenacissima has antiangiogenic potential, which is widely used as an anticancer herb in traditional Chinese medicine, has been shown to possess anticancer activities. Overall, the present data suggest that extracts of M. tenacissima may serve as potential anti-angiogenesis agents

. According to Lee et al. (2015), Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn (Nymphaeaceae) has long been used as a traditional herb in Chinese, Japanese, Indian, and Korean medicinal practices since prehistoric times. This study reported the potent ability of N. nucifera leaf extracts to inhibit vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo, in this study, N. nucifera leaf extracts displayed potent antioxidant and inhibitory effects on VEGF-induced angiogenesis. Moreover, N. nucifera leaf extracts significantly blocked VEGF-induced ROS production in HUVECs, confirming their possible anti-angiogenic mechanism.

As indicated by Deryugina and Quigley (2008), angiogenesis plays an important role in various standard physiological processes as well as in tumor neovascularization associated with cancer development. Among numerous animal model systems designed to examine the mechanisms underlying angiogenesis, chick embryo models have been practical tools in analyzing the angiogenic potential of purified factors and intact cells. The chorioallantoic membrane (CAM), a specialized, highly vascularized tissue of the avian embryo, serves as an ideal indicator of the anti- or pro-angiogenic properties of test compounds.

Lemus et al. (2018), stated that tumor growth is the result of combined cell proliferation overwhelming cell death and neoangiogenesis. This report shows CAM angiogenesis promoted by TA3 tumor supernatant with or without low dosis of betamethasone (Minimal antiangiogenic concentration: ß-MAAC). The results show that ß-MAAC produced a significant inhibition of neovascularization. The results show that effective antiangiogenic doses of betamethasone are in the range of 10-7 M, (probably a genomic mediated action) and that this effect of low concentration may have clinical applications.

According to Ribatti (2016), amid avian improvement the mesodermal layers of the allantois and chorion fuse to shape the chorioallantoic film (CAM). The CAM is moderately straightforward, speedy, and ease demonstrate that permits screening of an extensive number of pharmacological specimens in a brief span; does not require regulatory methodology for getting morals board of trustee’s endorsement for creature experimentation. D'Amato, Loughnan, Flynn, and Folkman (1994), have demonstrated that orally administered thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis induced by basic fibroblast growth factor in a rabbit cornea micro pocket assay. These experiments shed light on the mechanism of thalidomide's teratogenicity and hold promise for the potential use of thalidomide as an orally administered drug for the treatment of many diverse diseases dependent on angiogenesis.

As indicated by Oak, El Bedoui and Schini-kerth (2004), Epidemiological studies have indicated that regular consumption of red wine and green tea is associated with a reduced risk of coronary heart disease and tumor progression. The ability of RWPCs and GTPs to prevent the formation of new blood vessels contributes, at least in part, to explain their beneficial effect on coronary heart disease and cancer. This review focuses on the antiangiogenic properties of natural polyphenols and examines underlying mechanisms.

Conclusion / Summary

Prior studies have identified numerous health benefits of Syzygium Samarangense, such as it being antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and antioxidant. The extracts of Moringa oleifera contain another health benefit. Because of the aforementioned therapeutic effects, the usage of Syzygium Samarangense dates back to the olden times.