Schizophrenia is a severe mental illness that affects how a person thinks, feels, and behaves. It is a complex disorder that involves a wide range of symptoms, including hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking. The cognitive explanation of schizophrenia is revealed in this essay as one...
In this essay I would like to examine three approaches, Gestalt, Solution-focused therapy, and Cognitive Behaviour therapy and how I intend on using them within my practice as an integrative counsellor. In my previous essay I proposed how I would use the person centred, psychodynamic...
Psychology was derived from two other disciplines; physiology, the study of how living things work, and philosophy, the theories behind why living things behave the way they do. Philosophy and physiology are intertwined, in that they both have contributed to the study of the other....
Empiricism and Rationalism is a reflection of the nature and nurture debate. The philosoephical notion empiricism is defined as knowledge that does not transpire due to genes. Aristotle’s views in regards to the nature versus nurture argument leans more on the nurture side. His views...
By definition hysteria is described as ”exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion or excitement”. Because of the development in psychology, hysteria is not a term is no longer a term used in medical context, rather, in today’s modern society the term ”hysteria” is rather used as term...
As human beings, we all want to make sense of the world, whether it be ideas about ourselves and others, objects, and our surroundings. One of the major ways our cognition allows us to do that is by forming concepts. According to Kunda (1999), a...
Cognitive dissonance is psychological term that simply put means seeing things not in a way that you should see them, in other words inconsistency. In terms and point of view of an athlete, it is when they see themselves overly confident of being champions or...
A widely studied topic is consciousness. A significant part of the debate arises from the fact that there is no one definition. Consciousness can be characterized as something that vanishes when we fall into a dreamless sleep and appears when we wake up (Gamez, 2014)....
In this paper, I will contend that the research findings on habit best support the fundamental cognitive-scientific theory of functionalism. I will begin by introducing functionalism, followed by an example to support my claim. Then, I will provide the best possible objection to functionalism, in...
In the words of Appiah about race he argues and say that race does not exist it is something that is social constructed and that talking about it is meaningless (Appiah 1996). In this essay I will talk about how Appiah’s approach on race and...
Abstract Mozart Effect has been described as the increased cognitive and spatial reasoning after listening to the musician, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart’s K.448 Sonata. The phenomenon was first studied by Rauscher and colleagues in the year 1993. Since then, the effect has always remained a controversial...
Discussing the works of Tversky and Kahneman; Stanovich, 2009, stated that “being rational means acting to achieve one’s own life goals using the best means possible”. A long history of research has looked into the mystery of rational human thought and decision making – Tverky...
Theoretical Summary Music, evidently roots back to approximately 42.000 years ago. (Barras, 2014) Some suggest even earlier dates, where it was most likely used as a survival mechanism for further emotional engagement between infants and caregivers. Although, as the child gains capability throughout their upbringing,...
This essay is written to understand the nature of human behavior in the context of everyday life using the perspective of Social Exchange Theory and Cognitive Dissonance. Firstly, it will be mentioning about the definition of both the theories. Then, founder of the theories and...
Abstract In this within-group experiment, the impact that background music has on the capacity of one’s cognitive retention and, overall, comprehension of information will be examined. Sixty undergraduate college students will be randomly assigned to one of two treatment groups (n = 30); the first...
Have you ever tried to rub your belly and pat your head at the same time? Has the task proved to be frustrating and hard to do? Well, this is in fact kind of like the Stroop effect. This effect was discovered by John Ridley...
Memories are malleable with several different variables that change the biases of memories. Memories vary with different factors that contribute to the outcome of a memory. Certain defaults such as age, gender, cultures, and languages can alter how an individual remembers an event. Additionally, people...
‘Heuristics’, in psychology, refer to the mental shortcuts we have that allow us to reduce complex judgements to simple ‘rules of thumb’ based on knowledge and experience. Many psychological theorists believe we use heuristic processing to make attributions and inferences about other people’s behaviour, known...
The personality trait of shyness can be analyzed from the biological, cognitive and behavioural perspectives of psychology. I perceive my fear of social interactions to be problematic because I find making friends and public speaking challenging. From the biological perspective, the theorist Charles Darwin believed...
Research Questions Maintaining cognitive skills is important for a good life in old age. Cognitive aging, a decrease in cognitive processes as you age is common in many older adults and is also a predictor of mortality (Sneed & Schulz, 2017). The research conducted by...
The study of associative learning in Psychology has specialised in two sub-fields: Classical (Pavlovian) conditioning focuses on how “mental” representations of stimuli are linked whereas instrumental conditioning deals (mainly) with response-outcome associations. It is agreed though that, at the most general level, their associative structures...
Attention describes focusing limited mental resources on cognitive processes that are most prominent at a given moment. Attention being such an intrinsic part of our day has therefore been studied to help understand how attention is both managed and governed (Eysenck & Keane, 2013). Understanding...
In this assignment we will be outlining and comparing two psychological perspectives, which are the cognitive and psychodynamic approach. This will be shown in terms of considering the different theories the perspectives used for the mind and behaviour of an individual. The cognitive approach is...
Functions of Attitudes Attitude refers to the feeling or an opinion about someone or say something that normally causes a way of behavior in an individual. Attitudes is one of the characters that human beings portray on a daily basis towards life. A good attitude...
“Yes, all that is clear; but is a trapped person necessarily doomed to suicide.” (pg. 21) The author, Milan Kundera, explains why Anna Karenina commits suicide. People have disappeared from her life, she is very sad from her being separated from her son, she feels...
In Effects of a Mindfulness Meditation Course on Learning and Cognitive Performance among University Students in Taiwan (2015), the scientists analyze the impact of mindfulness meditation on the brains of Taiwanese university students. They only predicted that mindfulness meditation would decrease stress levels, but did...
Budgetary issues or monetary weight is where cash stresses are causing pressure. There are as yet numerous families confronting hard money related circumstances and the effect on psychological wellness can be huge. These issues can appear to be difficult to defeat can appear to be...
Evolutionary psychology is a theoretical lens informing all branches of psychology and has helped to unite the many subfields of study (Buss, 2009). A core idea in evolutionary psychology pertains to reproductive success, which holds the theory that reproduction is the driving force of human...
With new problems emerging every day around the globe, new solutions are also required. However the pace of the discovery of problem is not same as the pace of the inventory of solution, basically the solution to problem ratio is not quite equal. Even today,...
If you’re like most people in the world, you experience anxiety. I do, and I’ve found that hiking is a great way to get out of a funk. I know it sounds simple, but it works. Don’t believe me? Here are the top 8 ways...
Imagine driving a car for a journey and not remembering anything about it after reaching the destination. Has it ever happened to you that you started eating a pack of Doritos and all of a sudden all that was left was an empty packet? We...
The link of machiavellianism with emotional intelligence (EQ) in fact, turned out to be negative. The statement that Machs have greater mental aptitudes whether it is IQ, EQ, or mind reading, is not supported by the data. Certainly, one should be careful about concluding from...
Music, apart from being a subject you ‘do’ or ‘create, ’ is just as much a subject of probing intellectual enquiry. My musical career truly began when I was thrusted into my local youth orchestra, Harrow Young Musicians. Being part of this orchestra for 10...
Date School of Thought Event 1848 Cognitive Phineas Gage was left with extensive brain injuries after an iron pole penetrated his skull. Although his personality was permanently altered he was still able to use his intelligence, marking the first time a correlation between brain trauma...
On a recent Saturday morning, I went to my boyfriend’s little brother’s football game where I was able to observe a little boy named Leo who was 5 years old. During this observation, I was sitting in the bleachers with my boyfriend, his family, this...
Aaron Beck pioneered Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) in the 1960’s. He named fleeting, involuntary thoughts we have “Automatic thoughts” and realized being negative they could be harmful. Beck’s work was influenced by various people including Wilhelm Wundt, who developed experimental psychology, forming ‘The Institute for...
Tool of Negativity: Klosterman and Crawford on Nostalgia Nostalgia is a desperate form of trying to preserve memories. People want to remember the happier times by clinging into to the past. In the article “Nostalgia on Repeat,” by Chuck Klosterman, and in the essay, “The...
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