How Sociopolitical Factors Drive Languages to the Disappearance

It is expected that as much as half of the 7,000 languages in the world will have extinct by the end of the 21st century. Languages at risk, similar to endangered animal species, are at actual danger of extinction (Ostler, 2000, p.1). According to UNESCO, if a language becomes marginalized due to the enforcement of the economic and social situation, it leads to extinction and no longer being taught to children and also used in everyday life (as cited in Aulakh, 2013, Line, 10). Ewa Czaykowska-Higgins believes that every time a language dies, it is an enormous loss. “Languages hold a world of knowledge”, she notes. “We lose knowledge and history and lose connection to a land (when a language is lost)” (as cited in Aulakh, 2013, Line, 21-26). Although it is indeed true that in past decades so many languages have died and societies are attempting to revitalize those on the brink. This essay will discuss how sociopolitical factors drive a language to the disappearance and what measures should be taken to preserve this phenomenon.

The disappearance of languages is not occurring abruptly. Languages are constantly being switched by communities, which are more powerful both economically and politically (Aulakh, 2013). Taking into consideration of a recent survey, in the past there were hundreds of languages spoken in North America but only 194 of them still exist. “33 of those are spoken by both adults and children; another 34 are spoken by adults, but by few children; 73 are spoken almost entirely by adults over 50; 49 are spoken only by a few people, mostly over 70; and 5 may have already become extinct” (Ostler, 2000, p.2). Many speak a different language in this scenario — “English, Mandarin, Swahili” — so speaking which English is essential to accessing occupation, instruction, and possibilities. Parents sometimes decide not to educate children their heritage language, particularly in the immigrant groups, identifying it as a potential halt to their achievement in life (Go, 2015, p.7). But Czaykowska-Higgins suggests globalization has also played a part. She argues that there would be no alternative for some organizations to surrender their languages (as cited in Aulakh, 2013, Line, 16). For instance, in the 1950s and 1960s, many societies in Soviet Russia were compelled to drive their children to schools where only Russian used to be taught (Aulakh, 2013, Line, 50). Keren Rice states that languages are gone forever unless documentation such as sound recording exists. “Language is an oral medium […] it is gone if direct speakers are dead and nothing has been done to document it”, she explains (as cited in Aulakh, 2013, Line, 16).

Speaking of the first argued solution, all over the world, by using new techniques, they have managed to prevent languages from vanishing. There is a wide range of choices for a society, which wishes to maintain or relive its language. unquestionably, one of the most serious narratives is that of Modern Hebrew, which after decades of learning and studying only in the old-style written form was resurrected as a native language. As the national language of Ireland, the Irish have had significant official and governmental assistance (Woodbury, n.d., p.2). In New Zealand, Maori society created elderly-staffed nursery schools, which were run completely in Maori, known as “kohanga reo”, “language nests”. By expanding Language nests in elementary and some secondary schools in New Zealand, Alaska, Hawaii, and elsewhere, where have been attempting to recover Languages at risk. And also in California, younger adults in societies where only a few elderly spokespersons still live have changed into language pupils for them. (Woodbury, n.d., p.2). An increasing amount of meetings, workshops, and journals are nowadays offering assistance to people, schools, and society seeking language preservation.

Moving to the next solution, linguists are analyzing the rules and vocabulary of the language and writing grammars and dictionaries. Because so several languages are in danger of vanishing, learning as much about imperiled languages as possible by linguists can be a procedure, which will allow them to continue their existence, even though the language may disappear. In order to instruct, preserve, and revive a language, linguists co-operate with societies around the world who want to maintain their languages due to offer practical and technical support (Woodbury, n.d., p.1). Part of the aid is based on the dictionaries and grammar they are writing. But in other respects, linguists can assist, too, taking advantage of their learning experience and teaching a broad range of languages. Using their teachings in other languages at risk is also a good way to assist preserving the language in their own societies, although taking advantage of the latest technology for recording and studying languages is a new way to maintain them. Researchers produce, together with translations, videotapes, audiotapes and written records of the language used in both official and unofficial settings (Fishman, 1998, p.209,210).

As has been discussed, the socialized and globalized world of today has been changing so quickly, the death of many languages is inevitable (Fishman, 1998, p.209). It is illustrated in this essay that research has been done on how different sociopolitical factors contribute to disappearing languages and some preventive measures, which have been taken in (consideration?) in some countries. Unfortunately, nowadays, non-English speakers, in particular, Spanish ones, are severe persecution continues to occur (Nuwer, 2014). It is important that effective and preventive actions be taken to save every part of a dying tongue, whether it is in writing from an audiotape or even a piece of art. This process takes time, but it is worthwhile since a language is the whole unique way of looking at the world.