An Overview of Long-Lasting Impact of British Colonialism on India

As defined by Webster’s Encyclopaedic as Colonialism is that the policy of a nation seeking to increase or retain its authority over people or territories. The British Raj did it around the all part of the world. Hence, people quoted it as there was no Sunset in British Raj as they were ruling the whole world. India was also one of these Nation Where more than 150 years British Raj was there. It was in between the period from 1858 to 1947. Various studies were conducted on colonist period of India and even world by British. There are arguments also about the British Government ruled to India. Many says they developed India on the other side many viewed as they made India Economically weak as before them India was very Rich Nation. British entered in India through Trade entitled as East India Company and slowly with divide and rule started to rule on India. For European Countries, Vasco-Da-Gama discovered India. Few European states established their own empires throughout the postcolonial amount around to the fifteenth century some European states established their own empires throughout the postcolonial amount. Before these colonies, major part of India was ruled by Mughals. Few part was divided by regional rulers. After colonies, India started to unify themselves and fight against them. The revolution 1857 was the one of major and prior struggle against these Colonies. The major part of India was covered by British Colonies. They developed various sectors of India during their colonial period on one side on the other side they damaged India economy, they gave worst treatment to Indians than animal. It needs to study on the effect of British Colonial to India. Hence, Current research work deals with British Colonialism in India.

Pre-colonial period, India was divided into small-small parts of Geography, religions, culture and casts. Inside disputes were there amongst these various rulers of India. Moreover, most of the part was covered by Mughal Empires in India where Hindus were treated badly. Though India is the Nation of Multi-religions, Multi-culture, we can rule them by divided into these differentiate part- this point was noted by British colonies and they got success to rule India around 190 years. The concept of colonialism is defined by Osterhammel, Jürgen as Colonialism could have been a relationship between associate degree autochthonic or forcibly imported from the majority and a minority of foreign invaders. The elemental selections touching the lives of the colonised individuals square measure created and enforced by the colonial rulers in pursuit of interests that square measure usually outlined in a very distant metropolis. Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonised population, the colonizers square measure convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule. European colonizing countries followed the several policies of mercantilism, therefore on strengthen the house economy, the agreements generally restricted the colonies to mercantilism entirely with the metropole or country. However, by the mid-19th century, Indian Empire gave up to the mercantilism and trade restrictions and adopted the principle of trade, with few restrictions or tariffs. Christian missionaries were active in a lot of all of the colonies as a results of the Colonialists were Christians. Intellect aristocrat Hoffman calculated that by 1800, before the industrial Revolution, Europeans already controlled a minimum of thirty fifth of the planet, and by 1914, they gained management of eighty four at intervals the result of war II, the archetypical of the system of European colonial a lot of terminated from1945 to 1975.

The various colonies who tried to rule India. As mentioned earlier, British colonies Rules for lone time more than 150 to 190 years to India. They has direct or indirect control on India before the 19th Century. Ramesh, Randeep cited on it that In 1857, a neighbourhood rebellion by a military of sepoys escalated into the Rebellion of 1857, which has taken around six months to overwhelm with serious loss of life on one side, though the loss of British lives is within the vary of a couple of thousand, the loss on the Indian aspect was within the many thousands. Though it was huge loss of life and battle both of India, it was the first rebellion movement of India against British Colonialization. Tatya Tope, Jansi’s Rani Laxmibai started this rebellion and created the awareness of patriotism amongst Indians. Hence, the rebellion 1857 has a vital role in Indian rebellion against British Colonialization.

India Before Pre- and After-Colonial Period

India was called as the Golden Eagle Period before the Colonies. Pre-colonialization, it had a self-sufficient and flourished economy. Because of the nice skill of craftsmanship in the fields of fibre, silk fabrics miles, metallic and valuable pebble works etc., India had already recognized itself on the map of the world with a decent quantity of transfers. This well-developed handicraft industrial development of India was paralyzed by the colonies, especially British Colonies.

The British came to Republic of India with the motive of constitution. Their plans concerned victimization Republic of India as a feeder colony for his or her own flourishing economy back at Great Britain which India was having based on their handicraft export at huge level world-wide. This exploitation of British was continued for two centuries, until we have a tendency to finally got independence on fifteen August 1947. Therefore, this rendered our country’s economy hollow. Hence, a study of this relationship between the colonizers and its colony is vital to know the current developments and future prospects of Republic of India. The colonial rule is marked with periods of serious exploitation. India acquired the phases of confirmed growth and elevation of the comforts of their home country. Colonial were not in the formed methodology which to be complicated regarding the progression of budget of India. These phases reworked in the Indian economy as a bad phase. It is quite natural that it effectively became a provider of the primary resources/unfurnished product and a client of final prepared product.

The expatriate sovereigns mugged Republic India in teaching-field, chances etc. falling Indians to the plain domestics. Beyond question, they were never the part of try to evaluate the colonial to gain good per capita and national growth in the field of finance. Although results were inconsistent, India’s growth of mixture real output was but a pair of within the first half of the 20th century including a half PC growth in per capita output annually. By and enormous, Republic of India long-faced a herculean task to endure the blows that of two centuries of colonial rule landed on its economy.

In the 19th century, during the British Raj, India faced a series of crop failure which resulted into widespread starvations which was resulted into the death of around 10 million. During the beginning phase of colonial, as a part of replying to previous famines as threats to the constancy of colonial rule. The East India Company had already begun to concern itself with famine prevention. Against crop rehabilitated, the strict rules of tax paid into the disapproval of British Raj and gradually important improvement programme were altered into the Indian Independence Movement. ‘Home-rule movement’ was transformed into mass undertaking program of fighting for Indian Freedom Struggle under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi. Not only Gandhi but also Bagha Jatin, Khudiram Bose, Bhagat Singh, Chandrashekar Azad, Surya Sen, Subhas Chandra Bose, and Pradyumn Ananth Pendyala remained as revolutionaries against the use of violence to face the violence treatment given by British ruler to Indian.

Effect of British Colonization on Indian Children: As stated above, the effect of colonialization was found on the rural life of India due to Crop failure serous of 19th Century, same negative result was found of the Colonial governments on the lives of native children’s, significantly in rural areas. There had been some tries to manage what imperial authorities thought to be abuses such as an instance, colonial officers frowned on marriages that were shrunken for young women, though they didn't sometimes press their considerations terribly smartly whereas colonial officers typically criticized to Indian natives for their operations performed by youths to laborious, the colonial budget and financial matter was sometimes relied on the continuity of kid labour, thus there was very little modification. Slowly, colonial administrations started to announce few different instructional opportunities, supplemented typically under the activities performed by missionary. Thus, few youths were unprotected in formal schooling moreover in few cases they were forced them off from family traditions and live into new interaction with foreign morals and ethics. Colleges for ladies may additionally influence socialization for women's roles, once more actuation off from tradition. Instructional opportunities were restricted, however, therefore the impact of this facet of victimization was solely felt bit- by- bit

Education in British Colonial Period: As stated earlier, India suffered a lot in the period of British Colonial period. They made paralyzed to India Economy on one side but developed modern education system to Indian Education. Modern and developed education system of current era is the outcome of British Colonial Education System. The famous Macaulay’s minute of dated February 1835, had introduced English education in India, especially to create the group of people who would work as the link group between rulers and Indians. In other words, it can be called as an educational system which would generate a session of anglicized Indians. These anglicized Indian would have to serve as traditional mediators between of both British Ruler and the Indians. On the subject of education for the nobility Joseph Prabhu writes: Kings and princes were educated within the arts and sciences associated with government outside the spiritual framework, politics- danda-nıti, economics-vartta, philosophy which is called anvıksiki, and historical traditions which is called as itihasa.

Economy under British Raj: There are several disputes in respects to Economic development of India under the British Colonialization because the problem was raised by British Whig politician statesman United Nations agency in 1778 and began to continuality of around 07 years official document trial which was against Warren Hastings and therefore the Malay Archipelago Company which were charged together with the aim of management foe the settlement of economy in Indian. One of the Scholar students named Rajat Kanta Ray claims that the economical established in the eighteenth century was a variety of plunder and a catastrophe for the standard economy of Mughal Bharat, depleting food and cash stocks and imposing high taxes by British people. Even it was aided as the cause the scarcity of 1770 due to which the result of killing a third of the individuals of Bengal came out. Additionally, he argues that British people enlarged the empire of moistened land by a component of eight, contrastive with five-hitter below the Mughals. According to Angus Maddison, a British economist, India's share into the world economy reached from 24.4% in 17th century to 4.2% in 1950s decade. During the Mughal Empire and began of the decline prior to the onset of British rule it was continued by him that India's GDP (PPP) per capita was very less which can called as useless for living life.

Development under British Colonial Period: India was the golden eagle pre-colonial period, its true but there was not technical and advance growth in many sectors of easy life- such as transportation, irrigation, education was with traditional method of Gurukul etc. Conjointly with canals and the irrigation systems, they developed huge and high cost infrastructure, including railways, telegraphy, roads and ports. From Haridwar to Cawnpore the river Canal reached around 350 miles as well as equipped thousands of miles of distribution canals during the British colonial period. The development by British rues reached to as the dominion which had the biggest irrigation system within the world by 1900s. A jungle in 1840 that by 1900 had 4,000,000 acres underneath cultivation, particularly in tea plantations is an examples of their successful growth in India.

A contemporary railway line within the late nineteenth century was developed by British engineering. Though, they developed it for the easy transportation of raw-material in their nation, it became the major economic and technical growth part of India, after colonialization. But then it got the status of the fourth largest sector of the world. Even it was noted as quality construction and quality repairing. From non-public British firms the funding and management was invested for theses development. Initially, railways were in camera owned and operated, and go by British directors, engineers and arch craftsmen. At first unskilled employees worked in these sector who were Indians.

A plan for a rail system in Asian country was 1st proposes in 1832. In India the primary train ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet Bridge in Madras in the year 1837. Therefore, it was known as Red Hill Railway but this was used only for freight transport. A anmount of extra short lines were built in further decades. They didn't interconnect and were used only for freight transport.

The East India Company which later converted into the colonial government was inspired by new railway firms and backed by non-public investors beneath the influence as it will offer a land Associated with the tending guarantee of an annual come back of up to five per capita throughout the initial years of operation. These businesses were to make and operational lines under the ninety-nine year lease, with the govt. which was having the choice to shop for them earlier. Governor-General Lord Dalhousie developed a concept to construct a network of trunk lines connecting the principal part of India in 1854 and it was inspired by the government for its guarantees, investment flowed in and a series of recent rail firms. Most of the trains were constructed and developed under the supervision of British Engineers.

Thus, after the declaration of Macaulay’s minute in 1835, British colonies started to create the link group between them and natives of India. They made availability of various facilities for their comfort which later became the part of India growth in Technical era. There were different views and followers of British Raj and Indian Freedom Movement. Even Subrito Baghci explained his own family experience as his father was the follower of British Raj while his Mother worked with and under the influence of Netaji Subash Chandra Bose.

The Freedom fighting movement of Indian patriotic got success to throw out of India to the British Colonial yet there are few things that needs to note here under this study as what the benefits are and what the drawbacks of British colonial to India are. That was the period when British ruled ¾ part of the world. India was one of them. They made India weekend in the form of Economy which we are still facing as a part of trouble, while they developed various sectors of India in the form of technical development. Hence there are arguments about British Colonialization and Indian growth. About British colonies R. O. Christensen justly observed as, Colonial purpose, native wants, capital, service, and private-versus-public interests. He concludes that creating the railways a creature of the state hindered success as a result of railway expenses had to travel through a similar long and political budgeting method as did all different state expenses. Railway prices might so not be tailored to the timely wants of the railways or their passengers

Thus, British Colonial was thrown out of India in 1947 but with the due loss of partition of India into India and Pakistan. Indian congress and Muslim got success for the independent Nation but failed to have the Hindustan. British rulers succeed in their target of dividing Hindustan into two part as India and Pakistan. Moreover, because of their policy still after the independent Nation and that’s too more than 65 years we are fighting with each other. This is because of British colonial only. Moreover we can conclude it as the long lasting impact of British colonial in seen on India and Pakistan and their relations with each other’s.

References

• Webster’s Encyclopaedic (Unabridged Dictionary of the English Language, 1989, p. 291)
• Osterhammel, Jürgen (2005). Colonialism: A Theoretical Overview. trans. Shelley Frisch. Markus Weiner Publishers. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-55876-340-1. Retrieved 5 April 2010.
• Ramesh, Randeep (24 August 2007). 'India's secret history: 'A holocaust, one where millions disappeared...''. The Guardian.
• Prabhu,24.https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_education_in_the_Indian_subcontinent#cite_note-Prabhu24-1
• Maddison, Angus (2003): Development Centre Studies The World Economy Historical Statistics: Historical Statistics, OECD Publishing, ISBN 9264104143, page 261.
• R. O. Christensen, 'The State and Indian Railway Performance, 1870–1920: Part I, Financial Efficiency and Standards of Service,' Journal of Transport History (Sept. 1981) 2#2, pp. 1–15