Investigation of Ethnography And Its Issues

Introduction

This essay provides the knowledge of ethnography & its critical issues. In upcoming lines its meaning, methods, researches and different types will come. In this essay, I will talk about the ethnography and its critical issues.

Meaning of Ethnography

Ethnography plays an important role in study. A perfect definition is impossible to found because anthropologists also do not have a proper concept of ethnography. In ethnography there is good bonding between participation and observation. This boding is according to system, based on topic and comprehensive. It helps to give good chance to maintain good relation between educational research and ethnographers. Sometime ethnography is like as inquiry that is compared and contrasted with others. For instance, from the ancient time, its work and discourse analysis but it involves data and analysis so that it may be impure in character. In reality, it is a complex issue the uses of theories and concepts in qualitative research.

Methods in Ethnography

Mainly social research conducts in ethnography it has lots of qualities like researcher created experimental conditions and all data provided by real world contexts. Although data collected by sources, but the main observation is informal conversation. Data includes human actions meaning of conversation and explanation of verbal description with quantification.

Confusion in Terminology

Theoretical and conceptual framework social scientists are more frequently being called to both elaborate and prove their reliance upon theories and concepts in their work. Some professionals prefer to use one or both frameworks in their qualitative research studies. In frame research concepts and theories drive to use is very rigorous and robust study. Identify the questions of ResearchIn action research process it includes people research assisting population. We can call them stakeholders means to focus on their situations and remember their difficulties. The most important thing for the investigator research to remember the thing for the investigator research to remember the things to studied by stakeholder and different hardly interest to the researches. It means the main work of the investigation to joined the individual with the group of stake holding to get the correct answer of their questions.

For instance, a group of health workshop in which most of contestants are addicted drug addiction, their treatment procedure and direct connection with participants, in this way it will be easy to get all information from health workshop community. Investigator collects the main issues of the problem and trying to find out their solution. Investigator follows the research questions to get an exact answer. To solve some problems investigator hold intervenes. Information by analyzing In this process all information that has been collected by participants, process of research or all are analyzing. At the first stage of research process answers of questions and difficulties identified by data analysis, action research perspective. And examination of data, the analysis task is properly based on data gathering method and it create descriptive accounts and all these accounts are based on technologies of data collection information.

Ethnographic Data and Interview Procedure

The response of recording, interview outcomes, group focus and research of ethnography all these things uses also in framework of action research, Mostly in these categories of fieldwork creating themes, one word answer and statement comes. All data show some short characteristic of broader into pites. After collect all these things a story can be write that shows that different characteristic of every category. Analysis question When meeting with participants then there is a lot of questions that helps to analyzing the topic, ‘why’ is the first question for the investigator or stakeholders so that everyone can learn the main aim of study in reality. Rest of the questions like what, how, when, where, when provides ability to participants influence two question words like what and how are created to know about topic or problems.

For example, what is your name? How do these problems affect on people lives? Three words of question like, who, where and when gives attention on special person, event and place that connected with problems and issues. The purpose of these questions to access the date, and clear the information together. To add on it, it helps to give history and material contest. It gives highlight on data mentioned by participants.

Types of Action Research

According to several sources there are mainly three types of research in action, according to Grundy(1988) technical, practical and emancipating are the three modes of action research, According to Halter and Schwartz Barcott(1933) three types of research are technical collaborative approach and an enhancement approach.

Technical/Collaborative/Scientific Mode

With the help of this approach the main aim was to check a particular intervention that is based on theoretical framework In this mode, relationship research between practitioner and research. For example, when a researcher and clinical psychologist work together with a group of family. Moreover, information collects by practitioner from the research. Research of primary between the facilitor and the group helps to flow the communications. So that, group communicate with researchers ideas any problem, after collaborating with practitioner they helps to implementation and provides facilities with the group.

A Practical Mode

In this mode collaboratively problem and issues, underlying causes and intervention comes together for the partitioner and researcher. The problem is explained after complete knowledge of situation and understand it mutually. Practical action research tells the improvement of practitioner’s practice and service delivery through application of personal wisdom of participants. In this made, in the starting research and facilitator work together and later extend in groups. Research focus t show their own practice styles, new information lasting effects of implement intervention of practitioner who engaged with collaborative approaches. Critical Mode According to Grundy (1987) critical consciousness shows both political and practical action to promote change.

Firstly, problems of daily encountered by practitioners in specific setting and used of theories to explain. In short, it closes with real-world situation experience and issue with the help of theory and book knowledge. Secondly, practitioners try to solve out their problems and help to understand them by collective consciousness. According to developing social critique, practice and theory consideration comes together. Theory, enlightens and action are the three main parts of social criticism it leads to action and change with the help of empowerment and participants.

Photo voice Research

Before 1990 photography were used to save data. Its use in ethnographic research gives a great research orientation. Photo voice means use photographs for investigation or to get the main point of individuals who is not perfect to imaging the world. In this mode, researcher gives. It is conducted under the observation and investigator taking notes and photos. For example, photography are very helpful to know anyone’s like, residents, family members friends and gives a best way to discussion about these communities. According to Wang (2006) there are three stages in photography that are selecting photography, contextualizing stories and codifying issues. In selecting photograph participants choose that which photography are best which shows the world around them. Secondly, participants share stories about photography stories are offers the voice elements to photographs. Thirdly, in codifying theories and discussion are held by different groups about photography In this participants can mark on the proper.

Conclusion

Despite being heavily debates, theories and concepts it has a crucial role in qualitative research, theoritical and conceptual framework were defined, compared and exemplified.