Research Report on the Dietary Specifics of Ramadan

Ghuman, S.J. (2003) consider 15 pairs of Muslims and non-Muslims in India, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Thailand to evaluate infant and child mortality related with male headed household in Muslims society. They found weak association in between child mortality and women autonomy. Caldwell (1986) noted that developing countries more specifically in Muslims societies are higher rates of child mortality based on the Koranic injection for men to protect their womenfolk. Society mainly focus on unmet need for contraception, encouraging the child bearing, higher fertility are the reason.

Another work relevant to my study in Bangladesh district on urban and rural areas of Rajshahi used multivariate technique investigate the effect of demographic, health and socioeconomic variable on child mortality. They found a strong relationship in between immunization (78% lower), ever breastfeeding, prenatal care of the mother, mother’s age at birth and birth interval (57.7% lower after 36 month gap) on neonatal, post-neonatal and on child mortality. They found a significant relationship between father occupation at post-neonatal periods and finally conclude that female education and public health facilities reducing the risk of infant and child mortality [Mondal, et al, 2009, Puffer and Serrano, 1973]. Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) supported by WHO and UNICE F to reduce under-5 child mortality in Bangladesh in mid-1990s from diarrhea, pneumonia, malaria, and malnutrition. After the successful implementation of this program child mortality gradually decreased with the improvement of health workers skills, health-system support, family and community practices in other words another [Jones, et al, 2003].

A collaborative research project coordinated by Pan American Health Organization selected 15 areas, I from US, I from Canada, and other from Latin America, 35,095 deaths of children are studies on the basis of nutritional deficiency, mainly focuses as vast literature on low birth weight. They found low birth weight as most savior health outcome variable contributing to early child mortality. More than ½ of the children died associated with immaturity and nutritional deficiency. Mortality in a peaked in infancy if nutritional deficiency relate with 3rd or 4th month.[Puffer and Serrano, 1973] Butler, et al, 1972 Cigarette smoking during pregnancy in a British population increased late fatal and neonatal mortality rate by 28% and reduced birth weight by 170 gram. Godfrey, et al, 2000 many of the recent research suggest that many of the diseases in later life originated in impaired intra Godfrey, K.M., and Barker, D.J. (2000) they validated previous research studies several major diseases of later life, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, and type2 diabetes originated during consequences of “programming” during intrauterine growth and development in later life. Roseboom, Rooji and Painter (2006)

Godfrey, K.M., and Barker, D.J. (2000) cardiovascular disease is linked to fetal growth restriction rather than to premature birth Roseboom, Rooji and Painter (2006) Most popular Dutch famine is a unique counterpart of animal models to explain the effects of restricted fetal growth restriction during different stages of gestation and higher risk of disease liability in later life outcome, especially early gestation periods. Martorell, R (1999) Survivors malnutrition during utero exposure in developing countries is highly associated with syndrome of developmental impairment in later life specially in early three years of life and increased morbidity and mortality.

Zinaman, M. J, et al (1996) did experimental prospective study of 200 couples on 12 menstrual cycles who have a desired of conception. Phase 1 consider first three cycles, phase II next nine cycles. They found eighty-two percent couples conceived during study period and the maximum fertility rate was approximately 30% per cycle in the first two cycles. In final conclusion they remarked a very significant number of women have a chances of pregnancy termination if they missed mensus before conceived. In another study they examined the relationship between macronutrient exposures in early utero on development of glucose intolerance on 1698 pregnant women and examine the dietary intake during second trimester. They found adding of 100kcal from carbohydrates in diet 12% decrease in risk of impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and a 9% decrease in risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). They found a significant association between increased fat intake and the development of glucose abnormalities in pregnancy. Saldana, T. M, et al (2004)