The Prostate Pathology and Development in Prostate Cancer

The development of the prostate gland occurs during the third month of pregnancy (1). According to Kai H. Hammerich, Gustavo E. Ayala, and Thomas M. Wheeler, it is developed from epithelial invaginations out of the back urogenital sinus under the effect of the underlying mesenchyme (1). Growth and development of the prostate depend on testosterone hormone (2). The prostate is naturally muscular and exocrine gland which surrounds the beginning of the urethra, lies in the pelvic cavity, under the bladder and in front of the rectum (3). The prostate gland is separated from the rectum by a filmy layer of connective tissue called Denonvilliers’ fascia (1). The prostate consists of four anatomically distinct zones which are fibromuscular stroma [without glandular tissue], peripheral zone, central zone, and periurethral transitional zone [with glandular tissue] (2). The prostate mechanism which includes various functions such as hormone regulation and production of fluids (4, 5). The prostatic fluid has several factors that control the regulation of proteins also ejaculation process, these factors are fundamental for motility of the sperm and semen liquefaction (5).

The prostate pathology includes both benign and malignant neoplasms (3). The histological classification of the World Health Organization in tumors is categorized according to cellular origin such as epithelial, neuroendocrine, prostatic stromal, mesenchymal, miscellaneous and haematolymphoid (3). The main types of neoplasms are prostate cancer, urothelial carcinoma, prostatic carcinoid, ductal/endometrioid adenocarcinoma, mucinous adenocarcinoma, and sarcoma (3). The benign is a non-cancerous form of prostate neoplasm that could result from infection or inflammation (3). They may present extra-prostatic extension and lymphadenopathy which mimic locally advanced prostate cancer, like benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) (6). The malignant is a cancerous form of prostate neoplasm which is the most diagnosed cancer in men and considered as prevalent cancer related to causing death (7). The features of prostate cancer are increased cellular density, decreased luminal volume, reduced extracellular space, and neoangiogenesis (3).