The Evolution of Mobile Communication: A Look into 5G Technology

Abstract

The Internet has become a need of every individual and 5G technology will provide an accurate platform to internet users with several new benefits in terms of high-speed Internet connectivity. The main aim of this report is to elaborate on the concept of 5G technology. From this research work, it has been studied that 5G technology has the ability to provide high resolution for passionate and sharp cell phones every day and also provide the customer fast and well shape internet access. 5G is also considered as very efficient to provide uninterrupted, uniform, and consistent connectivity in the entire world. This report also provides information on various challenges, which can be raised after the deployment of 5G technology. The findings of this research work reveal that the development of infrastructure also requires a very high cost. Along with this, the privacy and security issues related to 5G technology are to be resolved. As per the study, 5G technology is being developed with 3 broad families of use cases such as eMBB, mMTC, and URLCC. The main motive of this given research work is to provide information related to 5G technology and clarify all the concepts related to it in an appropriate manner.

Keywords—5G Technology, Next generation Technology, 5th generation technology, High speed internet, History of 5G technology, Advantages of 5G technology, eMBB, mMTC, URLCC.

I. Introduction

5G is also called as the fifth generation related to mobile technology that has the ability to provide high bandwidth. It is considered as a major phase for the future in terms of mobile communication standards after 4G. The planning of 5G incorporates the fastest speed of internet connection as compared to 4G and some other improvements. This 5th generation internet network of wireless mobile multimedia can be wireless communication without any limitation that also makes the perfect and efficient wireless real world. It is mainly dependent upon 4G technology. 5G internet network completely real wireless world that would be supported by OFDM, LAS-CDMA, UWB, IPv6, and other protocols. The technology related to the 5th generation mainly provides gigantic information related call volumes as well as infinite broadcasting of data within new operating systems of mobile. This new network would have a major impact for administrations and ability to provide more benefits as compared to 4G. This particular generation is expected to be implemented in the year 2020.

This report is mainly focusing on 5G and elaborates on the concept of 5G technology, which will provide several benefits to people all over the world by offering high-speed internet facilities. In this report, the information regarding the background and history of 5G is given in a proper manner. Along with this, the salient features related to 5G technology will also be discussed in the report and it also makes discussion on various advantages and disadvantages which will be offered by 5G technology in the future in terms of enhancing the speed of the internet, which has become a major need of every individual in these days. Apart from this, information regarding 5G design and its architecture is also given in the report. Thus, this research work aimed to analyze the 5G technology in order to evaluate its impact in the future. The main purpose to conduct this research is to collect the information about technology that will be released soon in order to provide several benefits to people all over the world.

II. History and Background

Internet has become an essential part of people’s lives. It has revolutionized the way people interact with each other. Almost every aspect of this world has changed because of it. Businesses have come online, communication has become easier, shopping online has become a reality, and countless other things. It has helped to make the world a smaller place because every person can interact with another person from any part of the world. But, setting up the internet was not easy and many technological advances had to be made. The fact that the internet can be used efficiently on mobile devices has significantly made lives easier.

As wires cannot be connected between mobile devices, a wireless method had to be devised. That is what researchers did by inventing Wireless Cellular Network. It’s clear from the name that it means wireless communication between mobile devices. Cellular means when lots of small transmitters are connected which enable the devices to communicate. When a mobile device has to communicate with another device, it first sends a signal to a base station that’s closest and then that base station sends the signal from the sender to the receiver.

Wireless Cellular Network has seen massive growth and it is completely different from what it was in the past.

• 1st Generation: This was the first generation which began in 1980. It only supported voice calls and there was no facility of internet because the phones were in their beginning stages. It used an analog signal.
• 2nd Generation: In this generation, the signal shifted from analog to digital. Also, SMS and MMS facility was introduced. Data services were enabled in this generation and the maximum speed was 50 Kbps.
• 2.5 and 2.75 Generation: The main difference between the previous generation and this generation is that of speed. It was increased and other services became more efficient. 2.75G claimed to offer 3 times more speed.
• 3rd Generation: Speeds were significantly increased. The term given for this generation was ‘Mobile Broadband’ because it could match with broadband speeds at that time. The maximum speed was 2 Mbps.
• 4th Generation: This is the generation that is currently being used. It supports fast internet speeds between 100 Mbps to 1 Gbps. Video calling, gaming, streaming, and all other services that require high speeds, are flawless in this generation.
• 5th Generation: This is the generation that is being worked upon. It can completely change the way the internet works because of super high speeds. It’s speculated that the speeds can go up to 20 Gbps which can make downloading high-definition videos in a breeze.

III. 5G architecture

A. 5G design

Human life would be surrounded by numbers of intelligent that will also bring radical change to approaches of life of doing different things. The current telecom network is mainly deployed in a hierarchical way, where the traffic related to subscribers is aggregated at the station controller of the aggregation point and routed it to the gateways. Architecture which is proposed to be utilized in 5G technology will effectively lessen the burden over aggregation points as well as move the traffic to media gateways from the base station. The vision related to the super core is basically dependent upon the IP platform. All the network-related operators can also be connected to the super core with massive capacity. It is a realization related to single network infrastructure. The flat IP infrastructure also offers the method to detect devices with the use of symbolic names, which is of major interest to the operators of mobile broadband networks. Shifting to the flat IP architectures, the mobile operators can perform various activities such as:

• Mobile operators can decrease the number of network elements available in the data path for decreasing the operational cost as well as capital expenditure.
• Mobile operators can decouple the cost related to delivering service from the data volume which is transmitted in order to align the capability of infrastructure with the requirement of making applications.
• Mobile operators can also reduce the system latency as well as enables the applications with a very lower tolerance for the enhancements in upcoming latency.
• Mobile operators can also evolve the radio access as well as packet core networks in an independent way to a greater extent by creating greater flexibility in the deployment and planning of the network.
• Mobile operators cannot establish a flexible phone network which can provide as the basis for the innovation of service across generic and mobile IP access networks.
• Mobile operators can also create a platform, which will enable the operators of mobile broadband to be competitive in terms of performance, and price. The architecture related to flat networks can also remove device-centric hierarchy from the particular network.

Most of the operators will integrate 5G networks with the existing network in order to provide continuous connection. 5G network architecture mainly illustrates the 4G and 5G working together with local servers and Central servers offering appropriate content to the users along with low latency applications. The mobile network mainly has two different components as core network and a radio access network. The radio access network mainly consists of several facilities such as Towers, small shelves, home systems, and dedicated in-building systems which connect mobile users as well as wireless devices to the particular core network. Small cells will be considered as major features related to 5G network mainly at mmWave frequencies having a very short connection range. In order to offer continuous connection, the available small cells will be distributed in the form of clusters relying on where the network users need a connection that would complement the particular macro network in order to provide wide area coverage.

On the other side, the core network is called as a mobile exchange as well as a data network which handles all the data, mobile voice, and internet connections. For 5G, the designing of the core network is done to better integrate with cloud-based services and the internet as well as also involves the distributed servers in order to enhance the response time and reduce latency across the network.

B. 5G network architecture

Different RANs (Radio Access Networks) are able to use the same single Nanocore for communication by flat IP concept. The architecture of 5G supports different RANs, which are WiFi, WiMAX, GSM, LTE, etc. The aggregator of 5G is placed in BSC/RNC and it aggregates all the traffics of RAN and routes them to the gateway. The IP network reduces the amount of network elements in the data path and the cost. The 5Gnanocore comprises of All IP networks (AIPN), nanotechnology, and cloud computing.

C. Design principles in 5G

5G technology is being developed with 3 broad families of use case such as:

1. eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband): eMBB (enhanced mobile broadband) is one of the primary 5G NR use cases that are described by 3GPP as a major part of its SMARTER project. The main objective behind the SMARTER is to develop very high-level use cases as well as detect the pictures and functionalities related to 5G that would require to deliver for enabling them. In 2016, the use cases are categorized in five different forms that have been trimmed to only 3. They are categorized on the basis of performance attributes that the use case will need and there can also be an overlapping. Phrases related to use cases involve the need of a high data rate in terms of wide coverage area, the need of low latency communication such as autonomous vehicles and remote surgery. Along with this, message machine-type communications are required for support a large number of devices in the smallest area.
2. mMTC (Massive Machine type communication): mMTC is required in order to support a huge number of devices in very small areas that may only deliver the data sporadically, like IoT use cases. It mainly focuses instead on offering connectivity to the number of devices that transmit at a low range of traffic. This is one of the important design principles required for 5G technology in order to make it highly efficient for supporting a huge number of devices in an appropriate manner without any performance or compatibility-related issues.
3. URLCC (Ultra-reliable low latency communication): URLLC is another important design principle related to 5G technology which means that the services for latency-sensitive devices for different applications such as autonomous driving, remote surgery, and factory automation. URLLC is basically an innovative service category related to 5G in order to accommodate applications and Imaging Services having reliability and latency requirements. In order to support this design principle, there must be Revolutionary and evolutionary changes in air interface named as 5G.

5G technology will encompass on the evolution of 4G network and globally standardized radio access technology, which is known as NR (New Radio). NR will effectively operate in the frequency from 1 to 100GHz with various types of deployments. The key principles related to 5G on which the new radio is built are ultra-lean design, forward compatibility, and flexibility.

• Flexible: The flexible design is important in order to address the number of carrier frequencies, various types of deployments as well as different use case with extreme requirements.
• Forward compatibility: This is the major requirement which can be achieved by self-contained as well as well-confined transmissions.
• Ultra-lean design: It is required for the improvement of energy efficiency of the network that is important for the sustainable society, to reduce the network operational expenses in the conditions of heavy traffic load.

D. Salient features and advantages of 5G

5G technology will offer several benefits due to its enhanced capability as compared to 4G technology currently used in all over the world. Some major features related to 5G are as follows:

• 5G technology introduces a high resolution for passionate cell phones every day and also provides the customer fast and well shape internet access. It will provide a huge amount of broadcasting data that will effectively support 60,000 and more connections.
• 5G technology provides billing-related limits in advance in order to become successful and efficient in the modern era.
• 5G technology also has the capability to allow the user of different mobile devices to record for the printing operation.
• 5G technology is mainly for the huge volume of data distribution in GB (gigabit) that also maintains an efficient tie of approximately 65,000. It will offer bidirectional large bandwidth from 600 MHz to 6 GHz along with very high-resolution shaping.
• 5G has the ability to organize all the information collected from the data transfer in a reliable and accurate form to achieve better outcomes.
• 5G has the ability to provide better and high-speed internet to users in all over the world. It is a technology for gathering all the networks at single platform.
• 5G technology also has the ability to support the virtual private network. This is a technology to facilitate supervision tools related to subscribers for quick and appropriate action.
• The downloading and uploading speed offered by 5G is touching its peak.
• The network related to 5G technology has the capability to provide available and enhanced connectivity with the internet. It has the ability to support different types of heterogeneous services.
• Along with this, the 5G network is considered as very reliable and fast in all manners. This technology is effective to provide uninterrupted, uniform, and consistent connectivity in the entire world.

IV. Conclusion 

In conclusion, 5G technology offers numerous benefits, including high-speed internet connectivity, enhanced resolution for mobile devices, and efficient data distribution. It presents opportunities for innovation and improved user experiences. However, there are challenges to overcome, such as infrastructure development and privacy concerns. Overall, 5G technology is poised to revolutionize the way we connect and interact in the future.