Research on Zika Virus Disease Origins, Epidemiology and Treatment

Summary or abstract

Zika is compacted as ZIKV is an arthropod virus that belongs to genus flaviviridae. It was first of all selected or isolated from non-human living body. ZIKV got spread by stinging of mosquitoe. Since half a century ZIKV remain occasional later on it got fame in America. ZIKV clinical researches aren’t very specific they are general in nature so they are always misguided with dengue virus and infected disease like chikungunya. Until severe microcephaly was observed this disease always have some mild illness symptoms. In clinics ZIKV diagnosis almost comprises of isolation of detection ZIKV-RNA. We cannot underrate effect of ZIKV. ZIKV is mostly found in urban areas and have more chance of occurrence and emergence in those areas that has active sites of them.

Introduction

Zika viruses spread due to bites of mosquito. Zika virus basically belongs flaviviridae. this virus basically connected to dengue and west nile viruses. It is icosahedral and has a nonsegmented single stranded RNA genome. These viruses breed in water holding materials. These viruses are daytime feeders they actually bite their hosts in the daytime and they feed both indoors and outdoors houses, flats and many other places of residence. All mammals and non mammal all placental mammals of other primates typically having flexible hands and feets are including apes, man and monkeys are main reservoirs pf zika viruses. Transmission of zika virus has been conformed in 67 countries till yet. When a pregnant women get zika virus it immediately leads to fatal birth defect called as microcephaly (includes babies with brain defects). Modern studies also revealed the fact that zika virus can also be transmitted by sexual interactions between two partners. Zika virus was first of all isolated from rhesus monkey in 1947.

In 1954 it gains much significance and importance in Nigeria. People thought that these victims under survey are prey of yellow fever. When arbovirus was under study in Africa the ZIKV virus got separated from a lot of mosquitoes. First ever zika virus was found and reported in 2007 on pacific island. In 2015 it got fame in America Brazil. ZIKV got emergence and at the same time it got relationship with acute neurological diseases. Zika virus have been never thought of as a severe infectious disease until now. The zika virus was first of all identified in Uganda in 1947. In Uganda it remained obscure until a series of outbreaks began in 2007. Zika virus infection has been recently related with Guillain- barre syndrome (weakness caused by the immune system damaging and congenital microcephaly. The first report of zika virus was outside Africa and Asia. zika virus infections has been identified and reported around the whole world. Historically it also spreads from equatorial Africa to eastward and Asia to pacific islands during late 2000s to early 2010s.

History/definition/classification

As you all know that arbovirus is arthropod borne virus that is used to describe those viruses in our ecosystems that always transmit between a mosquito and living host. Early days divide and classified arboviruses on serological basis. But now modern division rule is used that classified it into a different genus of flaviridae. This genus is classified into 3 main classes. But researches are trying to place 4th group in it that will be totally related to insects.

Hosts and reservoirs

They mostly depend on non-human preys. Many animals from different species are actually their hosts on which they develop and multiply in nature. They actually choses those hosts that are directly dependent on arboviruses to survive in nature. But some viruses are completely adapted to humans that include DENV and thus they found urban environment more suitable for them to survive and grow and multiply. And they adopts the cycle that is totally human reservoir. Strains of DENV can affect humans. And from their sylvatic cycles they can reemergence.

Vectors and transmission

Vector of this virus got its definition in a way that an arthropod that can be moved or translocate from one vertebrate to another by stinging or biting. it can be transmitted horizontally or it can be transmitted by saliva or during sexual intercourse between two infected partners.

Sexual transmission

Four reports supported the fact that it can be transmitted by sexual contact. In 2007 United States of America an American scientist worked on the victims. Husband went to travel those areas that were having active sites of ZIKV. Her wife who didn’t went out to those areas when she got her sexual intercourse with her husband she frequently developed zika virus illness that suggests that disease has been transmitted due to sexual intercourse. Both patients showed positive results when they undergo serological testing.

Also on December 2013 a 44 years old man got medical care for hematospermia. But the patient didn’t showed any symptoms. Also ZIKV was recently isolated form patient urine sample and his results were also negative. From those results again is was reported that ZIKV transmits due to sexual intercourse. And the studies revealed that it got spread due to mosquito bites. All men who travelled on a place with an active are of zika virus transmission after doing sexual intercourse developed the symptoms pf zika viruses. Their female sexual partners become infected within 2 weeks. And one the major role that lead to transmission of this disease during sexual intercourse was their lackness and condemless contact of vagina and penis

Blood transfusion and zika virus

Zika virus can be transmitted through blood fusions. By sexual contact with a man who has once diagnosed with zika virus infection or have travelled to those areas where its presence was indicated the transfusion needs only blood and blood components.

Emergence

In last 40 years there is reappearance of arboviruses. And their capacity and their immunity new systems is quite challenging. And it can affect our geographical expansions. Discovery of ZIKV and arboviruses all were because of the studies that was actually done for biochemical basis of yellow fever and dengue. In Uganda life cycle of sylvan was studied because of which we discovered ZIKV. In yellow fever research institute different viruses responsible for yellow fever were discovered and those all viruses were named according to the places names so the people can easily distinguish between them on the basis of country or region. Viruses discovered in Uganda not only reflect the regions where viruses got their origin but it represents the areas where yellow fever was studied.

Disease burden of ZIKV infection

Epidemiology

Zika virus has been identified in 14 countries and over 3 continents (asia, Africa, oceania)This zika virus has been reported in nigeria twice from the samples that are collected from patients. Writes of these articles told that 52% has neutralizing antibodies Another zika virus author reported the difficulty of detection of epidemic in areas of dengue. 185 cases of zikv infection has been concluded. the rate of attack was 14. 6 per 1000 inhibitants. 61% of them were females.

Diagnosis

First of all you need to tell your doctor clearly how you got zika virus and what was the mode of transmission of zika virus you also need to tell your doctor about your travelling so that he can judge the transmitted type of zika virus. Your doctor immediately will do a blood test or urine test to diagnose zika virus. Perform ultrasound to detect the microcephaly and many other abnormalities of the brain. (2)

Treatment

• There is no proper treatment or not any proper medicine is available to treat disease of zika virus however some steps and measures can be taken to improve your health.
• First of all you need to treat your symptoms you need to cure all those symptoms that your body is showing as a result of this disease.
• You need to get a lot of rest.
• In this condition body goes in state of dehydration. In order to overcome this fact you need to drink or you need a lot or plenty intake of water into your body.
• If you feel fever or any other thing you need to take medicine named as acetaminophen.
• It is strictly prohibited to intake anti-inflammatory capsules or antibiotics.
• You are strictly prohibited to intake aspirin and disprin until you see symptoms of dengue fever in it.
• If you intake a medicine but you don’t get proper and desired results you can switch to another medicine by talking to your doctor and by taking proper medications. (5)
• No proper treatment is available of cure zika virus but still we got proper medications to improve our heaths.
• No vaccine is available to cure zikv
• But the god news is that certain vaccine are under clinical researches. (6)