How Sexual Revolution in America Changed the Views on Sex

Introduction and Background

Different approaches to analyzing and drawing conclusions led to the emergence of the most significant liberation movement for sexuality, known as the Sexual Revolution. Spanning from the 1960s to the 1980s in the United States of America, this movement not only challenged the antiquated, stringent, and orthodox principles of sexuality, but also introduced new definitions for interpersonal relationships. Rather than a sudden revolution, it represented a gradual evolution.

To provide a comprehensive understanding of the changes that reshaped the landscape of sexuality, the revolution encompassed acceptance of contraception methods, abortion, pornography, same-sex relationships, nudity, public indecency, masturbation, and other previously obscured notions. Prior to the 1960s, sexual intimacy was limited to heterosexual married couples adhering to missionary positions. However, with the advent of the Industrial Revolution, individualism, and the feminist wave, it was only a matter of time before these norms were challenged. To grasp the magnitude of this social movement, it is essential to comprehend the underlying factors that brought it about. In the mid to late 1950s, there was an unsettling increase in unacceptable and unorthodox sexual behaviors, accompanied by a rise in sexually transmitted infections, teenage pregnancies, and pre-marital relationships. The perception of sexual expression, women's sexuality, and homosexuality underwent a transformation.

This shift was influenced by numerous psychologists, philosophers, and scientists. The sexual revolution was propelled by three significant discoveries:

1. The intellectual theories of Freud and Wilhelm Reich.
2. Empirical sex research conducted by Alfred Kinsey, which explored the world of pornography and involved performers, writers, and battles over sexual speech rights.
3. The counterculture movement, women's rights movement, and LGBTQ+ movement.

These intellectuals sought to unravel the relationship between libido, various sexual capacities (such as anal, oral, and genital), and the social institutions that could redefine sexuality. They also debunked numerous myths surrounding women's desires. The use of mass media, literature, and films played a crucial role in reshaping societal attitudes. Additionally, the contributions of women's rights, LGBTQ+ advocacy, and cross-cultural interactions were significant. The emphasis shifted from societal norms to individualism and self-awareness. Women began prioritizing their careers and education, resulting in a significant number of unmarried, working women engaging in pre-marital sexual relationships. The perception of sexuality underwent a profound change, breaking free from the shadows of stigma and moral judgment. Physical intimacy no longer required a bond or relationship as a prerequisite. Although societal acceptance took time to manifest, the concept of consent gained prominence. Change does not occur overnight, and even today, the sexual revolution continues to settle. However, it initiated a shift, making sex and eroticism more openly discussed and portrayed in people's lives through television, literature, and music. The focus expanded beyond mere sexual gratification to encompass fulfilling and enriching sexual experiences.

Acknowledging the importance of a satisfying sex life for overall well-being and mental health became a courageous act. Sex ceased to be viewed as a sin or something to be repressed. This change in ideology played a pivotal role. From the 1960s onward, significant advancements were made in the manufacturing of birth control pills, making contraception more accessible and commonplace. The Industrial Revolution also introduced affordable condoms, further facilitating safe sex practices. The period between the 1940s and 1950s witnessed a baby boom, and the younger generation's mindset began to challenge established social norms. Despite these changes, homosexuality was still widely considered an illness, and societal acceptance remained elusive. Medical professionals, influenced by cultural and religious biases, were unable to approach the subject objectively. Homosexual individuals were viewed as threats to society. However, the Stonewall riots by the LGBTQ+ community in 1969 marked a turning point, leading to greater liberation and acceptance. Subsequently, the LGBTQ+ community experienced a surge in its numbers. Alongside these developments, increasing literacy rates and declining religious conformity played a crucial role. Religions were compelled to adopt a live-and-let-live approach. People distanced themselves from past expectations, embracing a more open and modern way of life. The number of sexual encounters increased, and divorce rates soared. Unilateral divorce became legally and logistically easier.

All these changes prompted men and women in the United States to reconsider and establish new institutions to replace the orthodox concept of monogamy. However, the sexual revolution faced substantial opposition. Religious leaders opposed the revolution vehemently, establishing new organizations and entering politics to undo its effects. Progressive intellectuals engaged in wars of ideology with religious conservatives, a battle that persists to this day. Critics of the sexual revolution claimed that it contributed to an increase in sexually transmitted diseases. Despite opposition, this revolution became an integral part of society and individual lives. Its success can be attributed to the writers and philosophers who facilitated widespread change, not only transforming the norms of sexuality but also revolutionizing the way we think about it.

Sexual Morality in the 21st Century

Throughout history, sexual ethics have been closely tied to religious values. However, in the 21st century, the feminist movement has placed great emphasis on personal choice and consent in sexual activities. Professor Paul R. Abramson, a psychology professor at U.C.L.A., beautifully elucidates sexual ethics in his book "Sex Appeal: Six Ethical Principles for the Twenty-First Century." From the perspective of international law and human rights, consent stands as a key issue in sexual morality. The capacity of individuals to provide consent and the acts to which they can consent are central considerations. Western countries have embraced the concept of "informed consent," which sets public standards on this matter. It is important to note that giving consent to a specific type of sexual activity does not imply consent to all types of sexual activities.

The age of consent for engaging in sexual activities is another crucial and contentious issue in sexual ethics. Should minors be allowed to participate in activities such as sexting? Can minors engage in sexual activities with each other or with adults? Many countries have laws stipulating a certain age below which sexual activity is prohibited and considered a criminal offense. The average age of consent is around 16 years. Some countries have enacted "Romeo and Juliet" laws, which provide leeway for teenage relationships within a certain age range but restrict sexual activities involving individuals above or below a certain age. In all cultures, sexual intercourse is permitted within the context of marriage. Marriage entails a multitude of complex issues, including:

Premarital Sex

Premarital sex refers to sexual intercourse before marriage. It has traditionally been opposed on moral and religious grounds. However, in recent decades, premarital sex has gained social and moral acceptance in many countries worldwide.

Extramarital Sex

Extramarital sex involves engaging in sexual activities outside the bounds of marriage. There are usually religious and moral objections to extramarital sex. In religious or legal terms, it is referred to as "adultery," while in everyday language, it is known as "infidelity" or "cheating." Nevertheless, some cultures promote and accept extramarital sex. In certain Western cultures, people practice "polyamory" or "open marriage." In recent decades, women's lives have undergone significant improvements, including increased openness about sexuality, breaking into new industries, and millions of mothers entering the workforce. Women are now accepting the right to work, choosing to have children outside of marriage, and asserting control over their own sexual morality. Women are increasingly seen as autonomous individuals, moving away from being objectified and creating their own identities.

The 21st century has witnessed a transition of sexual morality from being regulated by institutions such as the church, community, and family to being governed by the state and individual choice. While this shift is necessary and promising, it also brings forth controversies and questions. The relationship between sexual morality and its regulation is not straightforward; they are mutually dependent. Public reactions to changes in sexual regulation can be diverse and complex. Despite historical obstacles, sexual morality has been shaping strongly in the 21st century, with feminism playing a significant role.

Sex in Development

The concept of sexuality has been ever-evolving in our world. As each century passes, its dimensions and issues undergo transformation. The mere ability to question sexual morality reveals the vast array of topics one can explore. The importance of sexual ethics cannot be ignored, as various cultures attempt to regulate and moderate sexual behavior. Carole Vance aptly stated, "Sexuality has been the last domain to have its natural, biologized status called into question." It is inevitable that questions about sexuality and its morality will persist. No matter how much one tries to condense or suppress it, individuals are inherently driven by sexual desires. It is imperative to focus on the morality of sexuality and how it evolves in the current landscape.

Restructuring Sexuality

Essential to this transformation is a complete restructuring of the concept of sexuality. This process requires a thorough examination, involving discussions with individual experiences to uncover pertinent questions and reach holistic conclusions. While individuals may face different problems, the underlying root often remains the same. Conclusions should be drawn based on common experiences that are generally accepted. "Sex is a vehicle for moral objectives, and the ‘‘objectification of sex’’ is a moral act. What, then, are the effects of development projects that objectify sexuality?" The goal of sexual development is to enable individuals to regulate themselves. Achieving such reformations involves shifting the focus from normative regulations to understanding and meeting the desires and interests of individuals, fostering happier lifestyles. Awareness among people is of paramount importance. While certain moralities may advocate for self-regulation, it becomes possible only when natural needs are met. However, moralities focusing on chastity and fertility can be obsessive and the source of chaos.

The development of minds today is a complex process. Parents of the new generations notice greater openness towards sexuality, and children feel comfortable discussing it openly. However, there is also concern about the rise in statistics related to sexual relationships among young teens and adults. There is no hesitation in using contraceptives, undergoing abortions, or facing teen pregnancies. In the past, men dictated sexuality, and women's roles were confined to traits like loyalty and obedience. With the awakening of people's understanding, sexual intimacy within or outside marriage became a personal choice.

Orthodox individuals blamed these changes for undermining the concept of family, as women started postponing marriage and giving birth to offspring. The sexual revolution is not a product of patriarchy; rather, it aims to be gender-neutral and inclusive of all religions. Consent has become central, and any consensual relationship is considered acceptable as long as it is not built on deceit. Change is an ongoing process, influencing society and politics. Post-World War II America witnessed a permanent shift in sexual and gender roles. However, excessive freedom or regulation can lead to chaos, and it is only a matter of time before one approach prevails. Nevertheless, it cannot be denied that sexual morality is a central aspect of each individual's life. Once wholeheartedly accepted, it will signify true liberation.